tailieunhanh - The official guide to the toefl ibt third edition part 17

The Listening section measures your ability to understand spoken English. In academic settings, students must be able to listen to lectures and conversations. Academic listening is typically done for one of the three following purposes. | TOEFL iBT Reading 103 TOEFL iBT Reading The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about obedience to the ding-dong of the bell just as though we are so many living machines. With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions and even fewer could achieve the artisan s dream of setting up one s own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status. 4. In paragraph 4 the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to O support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories O to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery O argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories O emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints 5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of O freedom O status in the community O opportunities for advancement O contact among workers who were not managers In this newly emerging economic order workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters printers and tailors formed unions and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837 but in the depression that followed labor s strength collapsed. During hard times few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action. And skilled craftworkers who spearheaded the union movement did not feel a particularly strong bond .