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This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of technology at Blekinge institute of technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy in computer book has an Online Learning Center with several powerful components: MATLAB for Machine Design (featuring highly visual MATLAB simulations and accompanying source code); the "FEPC" finite element program, with accompanying Finite Element. | Blekinge institute of technology Dissertation series no. 2004:05 On the nature of open computational systems ONLINE ENGINEERING MARTIN FREDRIKSSON Department of interaction and system design Blekinge institute of technology Sweden Blekinge institute of technology Dissertation series No. 2004:05 ISSN 1650–2159 ISBN 91–7295–045–5 Published by Blekinge institute of technology © Martin Fredriksson, 2004 Jacket illustration – In the loop – by Societies of computation laboratories © Tomas Sareklint, 2004 Printed by Kaserntryckeriet Karlskrona, Sweden, 2004 Dedicated to Sophia, my family, and the engineers at Societies of computation laboratories. This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of technology at Blekinge institute of technology, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy in computer science. Contact information Martin Fredriksson Department of interaction and system design School of engineering Blekinge institute of technology Box 520 372 25 Ronneby Sweden Online engineering ABSTRACT Computing has evolved from isolated machines, providing calculative support of applications, toward communication networks that provide functional support to groups of people and embedded systems. Perhaps, one of the most compelling feature and benefit of computers is their overwhelming computing efficiency. Today, we conceive distributed computational systems of an ever-increasing sophistication, which we then apply in various settings – critical support functions of our society just to name one important application area. The spread and impact of computing, in terms of so-called information society technologies, has obviously gained a very high momentum over the years and today it delivers a technology that our societies have come to depend on. To this end, concerns related to our acceptance of qualities of computing, ., dependability, are increasingly emphasized by users as well as vendors. An indication of this increased focus on .