tailieunhanh - Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 52)

Introduction: As many as 5,000–6,000 mushroom species are growing in the world. Among them, only about 1,000 species are named; the majority of them are unnamed. The number of species of edible mushrooms in Japan is about 300; that of toxic mushrooms is said to be about 30. Various types of toxic mushrooms exist; some show high toxicity, while others show hallucinogenic actions. Morphological and chemical analyses for mushrooms are occasionally required in forensic science practice. In this chapter, the characteristics of the representative toxic mushrooms and some chemical methods for their toxins are presented. Current situation of mushroom poisonings in. | Mushroom toxins by Kunio Gonmori and Naofumi Yoshioka Introduction As many as 5 000-6 000 mushroom species are growing in the world. Among them only about 1 000 species are named the majority of them are unnamed. The number of species of edible mushrooms in Japan is about 300 that of toxic mushrooms is said to be about 30. Various types of toxic mushrooms exist some show high toxicity while others show hallucinogenic actions. Morphological and chemical analyses for mushrooms are occasionally required in forensic science practice. In this chapter the characteristics of the representative toxic mushrooms and some chemical methods for their toxins are presented. Current situation of mushroom poisonings in Japan According to National Record of Food Poisoning Incidents 1 the number of mushroom poisoning incidents taking place in Japan in 1974-1997 was 1 068 it was 431 in 1988-1997 10 years with 1 842 poisoned people including 20 fatal victims . Among the 431 incidents the numbers of incidents according to causative mushrooms are Rhodophyllus rhodopolius plus Rhodophyllus sinuatus 133 Lampteromycesjaponicus 127 Tricholoma ustale 42 Amanita virosa plus Amanita verna 16 Amanita pantherina 15 Clitocybe acromelalga 15 Psilocybe argentipes a species of magic mushrooms 12 other mushrooms 36 not specified 35 Figure b. Toxic mushrooms can be classified into 6 groups according to their actions as follows. Those which destroy cells injure the liver and kidney and thus may cause death latent period 6-10 h Amanita virosa Amanita verna and Amanita phalloides . Those which act on the autonomic nervous system and provoke symptoms such as sweating lacrimation vomiting and diarrhea latent period 20 min-2 h Clitocybegibba Inocybe species and others . Those which inhibit the metabolism of acetaldehyde in blood disulfiram-like effect causing a flushing phenomenon and palpitation upon drinking alcohol concomitantly latent period 20 min-2 h Clitocybe clavipes Coprinus .