tailieunhanh - MIPS Assembly Language Programming CS50 Discussion and Project Book Daniel J. Ellard September

In order to understand how a computer is able to manipulate data and perform computations, you must rst understand how data is represented by a computer. At the lowest level, the indivisible unit of data in a computer is a bit. A bit represents a single binary value, which may be either 1 or 0. | MIPS Assembly Language Programming CS50 Discussion and Project Book Daniel J. Ellard September 1994 Contents 1 Data Representation 1 Representing Integers. 1 Unsigned Binary Numbers. 1 Conversion of Binary to Decimal. 2 Conversion of Decimal to Binary. 4 Addition of Unsigned Binary Numbers. 4 Signed Binary Numbers . 6 Addition and Subtraction of Signed Binary Numbers 8 Shifting Signed Binary Numbers . 9 Hexadecimal Notation. 9 Representing Characters. 10 Representing Programs. 11 Memory Organization . 12 Units of Memory. 13 Historical Perspective . 13 Addresses and Pointers . 13 Summary . 14 Exercises. 15 15 15 15 2 MIPS Tutorial 17 What is Assembly Language . 17 Getting Started . 18 Commenting . 18 Finding the Right Instructions. 19 i ii CONTENTS Completing the Program. 20 Labels and main. 20 Syscalls. 22 Using SPIM. 23 Using syscall . 24 Reading and Printing Integers. 25 Strings the hello Program. 26 Conditional Execution the larger Program. 28 Looping the multiples Program. 31 Loads the Program. 33 The atoi Program. 36 atoi-1. 36 atoi-2. 38 atoi-3. 39 atoi-4. 39 Exercises . 42 . 42 . 42 . 42 3 Advanced MIPS Tutorial 43 Function Environments and Linkage. 43 Computing Fibonacci Numbers. 45 Using Saved Registers . 45 Using Temporary Registers . 47 Optimization . 48 Structures and sbrk the treesort Program . 50 Representing Structures . 51 The sbrk syscall . 52 Exercises . 53 53 53 53 53 .