tailieunhanh - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 4 P38

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 4 P38 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | FEDERAL BUDGET 359 recisions or current-year cuts in funds appropriated by Congress. The 1974 act also established a budget committee in each congressional house and the congressional budget office to provide technical information and support. Finally this act required that Congress adopt budget resolutions setting limits on budget aggregates and allowing debates on spending priorities within those aggregates. The 1974 act greatly reduced the president s role in the budget process in particular the president s responsibility of determining and recommending budget aggregates to Congress. Now legislators could more readily ignore the president s recommendations and instead create for themselves through budget resolutions generous limits on budget aggregates. This arrangement allowed politicians more flexibility in setting spending priorities within the budget aggregates thus pleasing their constituents. Not surprisingly federal budget deficits grew. In 1985 Congress reacted to the rising deficits by enacting the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act popularly known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act Pub. L. No. 99-177 99 Stat. 1038 codified as amended in scattered sections of 2 31 and 42 . . The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act encouraged congressional conformity to deficit reduction targets specifically prescribed by the act. if after the budget process has been completed the budget exceeds deficit reduction targets spending cuts are ordered by the president s office of management and budget. The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act limited this executive power by providing congressionally mandated formulas for the spending cuts. The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 2 . 601 et seq. 15 . 1022 revised Gramm-Rudman-Hollings to make deficit targets flexible not fixed. The 1990 act further required that reductions in defense and foreign spending cannot be used to increase domestic spending and vice versa. This requirement is known as the firewall. In addition