tailieunhanh - Constituent Structure - Part 22

Constituent Structure - Part 22 .Cuốn sách này khám phá những khía cạnh thực nghiệm và lý thuyết của cơ cấu thành phần trong cú pháp ngôn ngữ tự nhiên. Nó mô tả các bài kiểm tra truyền thống cho bầu cử và các phương tiện chính thức đại diện cho họ trong cấu trúc ngữ pháp cụm từ, cụm từ ngữ pháp cơ cấu mở rộng, lý thuyết, và thiết lập cấu trúc lý thuyết cụm từ. | 190 CONTROVERSIES 1 a w x I I y z b So this constraint rules out crossing It also rules out multiply mothered nodes such 2 when combined with the restriction that nodes cannot precede themselves T14 from Ch. 3 . 2 a w x y Since y is dominated by w which sister-precedes x and y is also dominated by x it follows that y precedes y but such situations are ruled out by the independently required restriction that items cannot precede themselves. Given A9 and T1 multidominated trees will always result in a contradiction. This gives constituent structures a measure of explanatory power. It predicts the existence of constituency-based and structure-dependent phenomena. This insight is at the heart of Generative Grammar in most of its guises. Nevertheless there are a number of attested phenomena which either escape explanation under these premises or are predicted not to occur without additional mechanisms added to the grammar. Chomsky 1957 used this observation to argue for transformations. He claimed that when you had phenomena that lay outside the power of PSGs and we can extend that to related formalisms then a higher-order grammatical system such as one that uses transformational rules is in order. Take for example the phenomenon of wh-extraction without pied-piping of the preposition 3 Who did you give the book to The preposition to is separated from its complement who by the rest of the clause. There is no way to draw a tree for this sentence using a 3 The prohibition against crossing lines is also found in autosegmental phonology. See Goldsmith 1976 McCarthy 1979 Pulleyblank 1983 Clements 1985 Sagey 1986 1988 and Hammond 1988 2005 for discussion. 4 T1. P is irrreflexive Vx 2 N x x . MULTI-STRUCTURES 191 simple PSG maintaining the complement relation of to to who without crossing a line and violating A9 . In addition to traditional examples of movement such as wh-movement and raising constructions McCawley 1982 1989 observes that parentheticals such as 4a .