tailieunhanh - Constituent Structure - Part 20

Constituent Structure - Part 20 .Cuốn sách này khám phá những khía cạnh thực nghiệm và lý thuyết của cơ cấu thành phần trong cú pháp ngôn ngữ tự nhiên. Nó mô tả các bài kiểm tra truyền thống cho bầu cử và các phương tiện chính thức đại diện cho họ trong cấu trúc ngữ pháp cụm từ, cụm từ ngữ pháp cơ cấu mở rộng, lý thuyết, và thiết lập cấu trúc lý thuyết cụm từ. | 170 CONTROVERSIES object . Some approaches such as Dependency Grammar Role and Reference Grammar and Case grammar use basic semantic or thematic relations such as agent theme etc to a greater or lesser degree. A more refined view is found in the type-logical theories such as Categorial Grammar and HPSG. In these approaches the driving force is the notion of a functional application or predication. Essentially this boils down to the idea that many individual syntactic objects are incomplete and require an argument to flesh out their syntactic and semantic requirements. Take for example an intransitive verb like leave. Such a verb has simultaneously the semantic requirement that it needs a entity to serve as the subject and the syntactic requirement that that entity be represented by an NP. Other syntactic objects such as the NP John which presumably represents an entity serve to complete these requirements. The operations involved here are variously referred to as unification feature satisfaction functional application or feature checking. The last type of variation lies in the means of syntactic representation of the dependency or relation that is the nature of the representation that is formed by the semantic or semantico-syntactic relationships. A wide variety of accounts of word order and constituency can be found. As we will see below Relational Grammar and to a degree its successor Arc-Pair Grammar mapped grammatical relations onto syntactic templates. Closely related are the constructions or schemas found in Construction Grammar Cognitive Grammar and to a lesser degree some versions of HPSG. HPSG and Categorial Grammar use tree or tree-like structures. But in fact as we will see these are meant as proofs that the semantics syntactic structure of the whole can be derived from the parts rather than direct syntactic constituent representations. As mentioned briefly in Chapter 5 LFG uses a series of mapping principles encoded into metavariables that allow a .