tailieunhanh - Chapter 19: The Disposal of Portable Batteries

Batteries are generally galvanic cells which convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As mobile sources of energy, we can no longer imagine life in the modern world without them. Every year in Germany, approximately 1 billion portable batteries are sold, an equivalent of around 30,000 tons (Table ). We can state that 85% of the battery market comprises non-rechargeable primary batteries and 15% rechargeable secondary batteries. Since production and use of portable batteries have become of little ecological relevance, the main focus has now turned to the spent product, the waste. . | 19 The Disposal of Portable Batteries J. L. FRICKE and N. KNUDSEN PORTABLE BATTERY SYSTEMS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THE ENVIRONMENT Batteries are generally galvanic cells which convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As mobile sources of energy we can no longer imagine life in the modern world without them. Every year in Germany approximately 1 billion portable batteries are sold an equivalent of around 30 000 tons Table . We can state that 85 of the battery market comprises non-rechargeable primary batteries and 15 rechargeable secondary batteries. Since production and use of portable batteries have become of little ecological relevance the main focus has now turned to the spent product the waste. Avoidance recycling and then disposal is the order prescribed by the German Waste Management and Recycling Act law to promote life cycle management and to ensure environmentally friendly waste disposal KrW- AbfG dated 27 September 1994 . In principle the battery industry is in agreement with these goals. It is even setting an example to others in many fields. In so doing the main focus is on avoiding hazardous substances in terms of disposal and establishing recycling procedures. Main Systems and Their Implementation In the following overview you will find a selection of current electrochemical systems and their typical areas of application Table . These varied areas of application Copyright 2003 by Expert Verlag. All Rights Reserved. Table Batteries brought into circulation by GRS users in 1999 and 2000. 1999 in tons app. 2000 in tons app. Primary Round cells ZnC 9 206 9 118 AlMn 12 156 15 083 Zinc-Air 30 32 Lithium 264 351 Round cells R9 HgO AgO 54 51 AlMn 31 34 Zinc-Air 45 44 Lithium 92 90 Subtotal 21 885 24 810 Secondary Round cells Lithium-Ion 333 426 NiMH 672 1 689 AlMn 19 Pb 290 482 NiCd 1 840 1 840 Round cells R9 Lithium-Ion NiMH NiCd Subtotal 3 138 4 475 Total 25 023 29 284 Source GRS .