tailieunhanh - Chapter 136. Meningococcal Infections (Part 8)

Patients with fulminant meningococcemia often experience diffuse leakage of fluid into extravascular spaces, shock, and multiple-organ dysfunction (Chaps. 264 and 265). Myocardial depression may be prominent. Supportive therapy, although never studied in randomized, placebo-controlled trials, is recommended. Standard measures include vigorous fluid resuscitation (often requiring several liters over the first 24 h), elective ventilation, and pressors. Some authorities recommend early hemodialysis or hemofiltration. Fresh-frozen plasma is often given to patients who are bleeding extensively or who have severely deranged clotting parameters. Many European experts have administered antithrombin III to such patients. . | Chapter 136. Meningococcal Infections Part 8 Patients with fulminant meningococcemia often experience diffuse leakage of fluid into extravascular spaces shock and multiple-organ dysfunction Chaps. 264 and 265 . Myocardial depression may be prominent. Supportive therapy although never studied in randomized placebo-controlled trials is recommended. Standard measures include vigorous fluid resuscitation often requiring several liters over the first 24 h elective ventilation and pressors. Some authorities recommend early hemodialysis or hemofiltration. Fresh-frozen plasma is often given to patients who are bleeding extensively or who have severely deranged clotting parameters. Many European experts have administered antithrombin III to such patients. Patients with fulminant meningococcemia in whom shock persists despite vigorous fluid resuscitation should receive supplemental glucocorticoid treatment hydrocortisone 1 mg kg every 6 h pending tests of adrenal reserve. Although it has not been formally tested in patients with fulminant meningococcemia activated protein C drotrecogin alfa Xigris is approved for use in patients with severe sepsis and dysfunction of more than one organ APACHE II score 25 . Because of the pathophysiology patients with meningococcemia may represent a group most likely to benefit from administration of activated protein C. The recommended dose is 24 pg kg per hour given as a continuous IV infusion for 96 h. Drotrecogin alfa is contraindicated when the peripheral-blood platelet count is 50 000 pL however and when there is active bleeding or a high risk of bleeding. Clotting parameters should be monitored closely while the drug is being infused its administration should be discontinued 4-6 h before the performance of an invasive procedure. Drotrecogin alfa should not be used in patients with meningitis pending further evidence that it does not induce intracranial bleeding when the meninges are inflamed. Prognosis When patients are first evaluated

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