tailieunhanh - Nguyên tắc cơ bản của lượng tử ánh sáng P11

Electromagnetic optics (Chap. 5) provides the most complete treatment of light within the confines of classical optics. It encompasses wave optics, which in turn encompasses ray optics (Fig. ). Although classical | Fundamentals of Photonics Bahaa E. A. Saleh Malvin Carl Teich Copyright 1991 John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBNs 0-471-83965-5 Hardback 0-471-2-1374-8 Electronic CHAPTER PHOTON OPTICS THE PHOTON A. Photon Energy B. Photon Position C. Photon Momentum D. Photon Polarization E. Photon Interference F. Photon Time PHOTON STREAMS A. Mean Photon Flux B. Randomness of Photon Flux C. Photon-Number Statistics D. Random Partitioning of Photon Streams QUANTUM STATES OF LIGHT A. Coherent-State Light B. Squeezed-State Light Max Planck 1858-1947 suggested that the emission and absorption of light by matter occur in quanta of energy. Albert Einstein 1879-1955 advanced the hypothesis that light itself consists of quanta of energy. 384 Electromagnetic optics Chap. 5 provides the most complete treatment of light within the confines of classical optics. It encompasses wave optics which in turn encompasses ray optics Fig. . Although classical electromagnetic theory is capable of providing explanations for a great many effects in optics as attested to by the earlier chapters in this book it nevertheless fails to account for certain optical phenomena. This failure which became evident about the turn of this century ultimately led to the formulation of a quantum electromagnetic theory known as quantum electrodynamics. For optical phenomena this theory is also referred to as quantum optics. Quantum electrodynamics QED is more general than classical electrodynamics and it is today accepted as a theory that is useful for explaining virtually all known optical phenomena. In the framework of QED the electric and magnetic fields E and H are mathematically treated as operators in a vector space. They are assumed to satisfy certain operator equations and commutation relations that govern their time dynamics and their interdependence. The equations of QED are required to accurately describe the interactions of electromagnetic fields with matter in the same way that Maxwell s equations