tailieunhanh - Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 1 P22

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 1 P22 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 1 98 AIRLINES ILLUSTRATION BY GGS CREATIVE RESOURCES. REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF GALE A PART OF CENGAGE LEARNING. . Airline Industry 1999 to 2007 Revenue passengers enplaned millions Revenue passenger miles billions 2007 2005 2003 2001 1999 Annual profit loss billions of dollars Excludes bankruptcy-related charges. source Air Transport Association of America annual reports. all domestic passengers traveled through a hub city before arriving at their final destination. Of those passengers eight out of ten remained on the same airline throughout their journey. By 1992 there were at least 12 fortress hubs or airports where one airline controlled more than 60 percent of the traffic. Passengers who flew out of these hubs paid over 20 percent more than they would have for a comparable trip out of an airport that was not a hub. After deregulation the airlines also came to realize that they needed a more efficient way to book reservations and issue tickets. It is difficult to imagine in these days of highly sophisticated computers and split-second communications that until the late 1970s and early 1980s airline schedules were contained in large printed volumes reservations were taken over the telephone and tallied manually at the end of each day and tickets were written by hand. To streamline this process the large companies initially proposed a joint computer system listing schedules and fares. The department of justice objected on the grounds that such a system would be anticompetitive and would violate the sherman anti-trust act 15 . 1 et seq. 1890 . Instead each airline developed its own computer system and entered data in a manner that unfairly biased travel agents choices in favor of the carrier that owned the system. Through skillful manipulation of the data the airlines were able to put competitors at a disadvantage. For example the airline that owned the system might enter the data so .