tailieunhanh - Pricing communication networks P13

Điều tiết của công việc là giám sát thị trường để nó hoạt động hiệu quả. Ông đóng vai trò như một bộ điều khiển cao cấp người, có tính liên tục thông tin phản hồi từ thị trường, áp đặt các quy tắc và ưu đãi có ảnh hưởng đến nó trong dài hạn. Trong thị trường viễn thông những điều có thể ảnh hưởng đến tỷ lệ đổi mới, mức độ cạnh tranh, việc áp dụng các tiêu chuẩn, và phát hành ra thị trường tài nguyên quan trọng quốc gia, như phổ tần số. Hiệu quả của. | Pricing Communication Networks Economics Technology and Modelling. Costas Courcoubetis and Richard Weber Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-470-85130-9 13 Regulation The regulator s job is to supervise a market so that it operates efficiently. He acts as a high level controller who taking continual feedback from the market imposes rules and incentives that affect it over the long term. In the telecoms market the regulator can influence the rate of innovation the degree of competition the adoption of standards and the release to the market of important national resources such as the frequency spectrum. The efficiency of an economy can be judged by a number of criteria. One criterion is allocative efficiency. This has to do with what goods are produced. The idea is that producers should produce goods that people want and are willing and able to buy. Another criterion is productive efficiency. This has to do with how goods are produced. The opportunity cost of producing any given amounts of products should be minimized. Resources should be used optimally. New technologies and products should be developed as most beneficial. Finally distributive efficiency is concerned with who things are produced for goods should be distributed amongst consumers so that they go to people who value them most. In general competitive markets tend to produce both allocative and productive efficiency. However in cases of monopoly and oligopoly firms with market power can reduce efficiency. We say there is market failure. In this case regulation can provide incentives to the firms with market power to increase efficiency. The incentives can either be direct by imposing constraints on the prices they set or they can be indirect for example by increasing the competitiveness of the market. There is no single simple remedy to market failure. Sometimes competition actually reduces allocative efficiency. In the case of a natural monopoly social welfare is maximized if a single firm has .