tailieunhanh - Aviation psychology in principles and practice: Part 2

Continued part 1, part 2 of Aviation psychology in principles and practice the present the content: pilot actions and tasks: selection, execution and control; pilot control; automation and human performance in aviation; pilot selection methods; training flights of fancy, the art and science of flight simulation; applying crew resource management theory and methods to the operational environment; assessing cognitive aging in piloting. | Pilot Actions and Tasks Selections Execution and Control Christopher D. Wickens University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign In most circumstances a pilot s task involves a continuous stream of activities. Many of these activities are overt and easily observable such as movement of the flight control sticks communications with air traffic control or manipulating switches. Others are much more covert and less observable such as planning diagnosing or monitoring. A skilled pilot will selectively choose which tasks and actions to perform at the appropriate time knowing which tasks to emphasize and which ones to ignore when workload is high Adams Tenney Pew 1995 Funk 1991 Orasanu Fischer 1997 . This skilled pilot will also execute those actions smoothly and appropriately the most important of which is control of the aircraft. In this chapter we will first focus on the choice of actions and tasks and then describe the execution of the most important of those tasks those involved in flight control and navigation. TASK CHOICE AND TASK MANAGEMENT Much of task selection in aviation is procedural. Tasks are carried out at certain predesignated times or sequences during a flight. For example the landing gear must be lowered prior to landing and raised after takeoff particular communications must be initiated when the pilot is instructed or when the aircraft transitions 239 240 W1CKENS between ATC sectors in the airspace. With repeated practice the pilot builds up what are called schemata of the appropriate procedures and actions to be performed at the appropriate times. The airlines provide great emphasis on training pilots in what they call standard operating procedures Degani Wiener 1993 Hawkins 1993 Orlady Orlady 1999 capturing many of these sequences of tasks or actions. Correspondingly there is great emphasis on proceduralizing most aspects of air traffic control through standard communications protocols standardized departure and arrival routes and so forth Wickens Mavor