tailieunhanh - The perfect preparation for Cardiovascular pathology USMLE step 1: Part 2

Part 2 of the document The perfect preparation for Cardiovascular pathology USMLE step 1 present congestive heart failure; pericardial disease; arrhythmia; common vascular disorders. You will be able to easily answer all pathological questions related to cardiovascular diseases; an extremely important attribute, because cardiovascular disease is one of the main topics covered in the USMLE Step 1 test. | The perfect preparation for Cardiovascular pathology USMLE step 1: Part 2 Chapter 6: Congestive Heart Failure Chapter 6: Congestive Heart Failure Heart Failure Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology EXPLORE THIS TOPIC WITH OUR VIDEOS! Chapter 6: Congestive Heart Failure Fig. 6-01: Chest radiography that shows enlarged heart, increased bronchovascular mar- kings and small bilateral pleural effusion suggestive of congestive heart failure. Definition of Congestive Heart Failure Cardiac insufficiency refers to the inability of the heart to supply the body with normal cardiac minute volume under normal end-diastolic pressure conditions. • WHO defines cardiac insufficiency according to the degree of reduced physical capacity due to ventricular dysfunction. • American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines define heart failure as ‘a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood’. Epidemiology of Congestive Heart Failure In cases of cardiac insufficiency, there is a clear prevalence with regard to old Note: age. While CHF is measured at only 1 % in patients over 50, it increases to 10 % in Systolic heart failure is the patients over the age of 80. The male/female ratio is : 1. HF is characterized by most common cause of periodic exacerbations that require treatment intensification most often in a hospital heart failure. setting, and is the single most frequent cause of hospitalization in persons 65-years and above. Approximately 30 % of patients with chronic heart failure are readmitted within 2 to 3 months. CHF is associated with low survival and after the diagnosis of CHF, survival estimates are 50 % and 10 % at 5 and 10 years, respectively. 129 Chapter 6: Congestive Heart Failure Etiology of Congestive Heart Failure Note: Valvular heart diseases are The 3 major

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• Cardiovascular pathology
• The perfect preparation for USMLE
• Congestive heart failure
• Pericardial disease
• Common vascular disorders
• Pathology pretest self assessment
• High Yield facts
• High yield facts in pathology
• General pathology
• Respiratory system
• Head and neck
• Cardiovascular system
• Heart sounds
• Valvular heart disease
• Ischemic heart disease
• Pediatric pathology
• Endocrine system
• The respiratory tract
• Salivary glands
• Transplant pathology
• Pathology
• Pathophysiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Related Diseases
• Atherothrombosis
• Endothelial
• Radiographic pathology for technologists
• Skeletal system
• Abdomen and gastrointestinal system
• Hepatobiliary syste
• Atlas of adult autopsy pathology
• External examination
• Natural disease
• Common artifacts
• The cardiovascular system
• the respiratory system
• The gastrointestinal system
• Intensive care medicine
• Critical care
• Cardiovascular disorders
• Endocrinologic disorders
• Environmental disorders
• Gastrointestinal disorders