tailieunhanh - The textbook of anatomy (Fifth edition): Part 2

(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of the document The textbook of anatomy (Fifth edition) has contents: Bones and joints of the abdomen, introduction to the abdomen and the anterior abdomen, the perineum and related genital organs, surface and radiological anatomy of the abdomen, pelvic viscera and peritoneum, and other contents. Invite you to refer. | Part 4 Abdomen and Pelvis 24 Bones and Joints of the Abdomen CHAPTER BONES OF THE ABDOMEN The bones that belong exclusively to the abdomen are 1. Lumbar vertebrae 2. Sacrum 3. Coccyx Other Bones Related to Structures in the Abdomen 1. The inner surfaces of the hip-bones are closely related to structures in the abdomen and pelvis. They have been described in Chapter 9. This chapter also describes the pelvis as a whole. 2. The lower ribs and costal cartilages give attachment to and are related to many structures in the abdomen. They have been described in Chapter 16. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Distinguishing Features of Typical Cervical Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae The structure of a typical vertebra has been described in Chapter 16. The cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebrae can be easily distinguished from one another because of the following characteristics 1. The transverse process of a cervical vertebra is pierced by a foramen called the foramen transversarium. 2. The thoracic vertebrae bear costal facets for articulation with ribs. These are present on the sides of the vertebral bodies and on the transverse processes. 3. A lumbar vertebra can be distinguished from thoracic and cervical vertebrae by the fact that it neither has foramina transversaria nor does it bear facets for ribs. It is also recognised by the large size of its body. Some Features of Typical Lumbar Vertebrae 1. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size from above downwards. They are therefore largest in the lumbar vertebrae. The body of a lumbar vertebra is oval in shape. 2. The vertebral foramen is triangular . 3. The pedicles are thick and short in the lumbar region and are directed backwards and somewhat laterally . 4. The laminae of lumbar vertebrae are short and broad but do not overlap each other. 5. The spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae are large and quadrangular. They are more or less horizontal and have a thick posterior edge . 6. The articular facets of .