tailieunhanh - Neuroscience and review of illustrated: Part 2

(BQ) Continued part 1, part 2 of the document Neuroscience and review of illustrated has contents: Hearing and balance, brainstem systems and review, the thalamus, the cerebral cortex, the visual system, the basal ganglia, the integration of motor control, the integration of motor control, and other contents. Invite you to refer. | Hearing and Balance I. OVERVIEW Both hearing and balance are sensations carried by special somatic afferent fibers that form the vestibulocochlear nerve cranial nerve CN VIII . The sensory organs and the peripheral ganglia associated with CN VIII are located in the petrous part of the temporal bone in the base of the skull Figure . The labyrinth is specialized to translate motion of the head into information about balance and the afferents from the labyrinth that carry balance information are bundled together as the vestibular division. The afferents from the cochlea which carry sound information are bundled together as the cochlear division. Both divisions come together as the vestibulocochlear nerve which travels from the receptor organs in the temporal bone through the auditory canal into the cranial cavity through the internal auditory meatus. Afferents then enter the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction Figure . Hearing and balance are two very different types of senses. Both the cochlear hearing and vestibular balance divisions of CN VIII receive stimuli from specialized end organs that contain mechanoreceptors called Figure Position of the inner ear in the temporal bone of the skull. 199 200 11. Hearing and Balance Figure The vestibulocochlear nerve at the pon-tomedullary junction of the brainstem. CN cranial nerve. hair cells because of their appearance. Although similar in appearance hair cells respond to different stimuli. They respond to sound in the cochlear division and position and head movement in relation to gravity in the vestibular division. II. HEARING For hearing sound waves are interpreted in terms of their pitch loudness and their location of origin. The human ear has the remarkable capability to distinguish a large range of sounds that can be either very close together in pitch maybe just a quarter note apart or far apart in pitch ranging from the low rumblings of a pipe organ to the highest notes of a piccolo flute .

• Y khoa - Dược
• Lippincott’s illustrated review
• Brainstem systems
• Motor control
• The basal ganglia
• The integration
• Overview of the limbic system
• Lippincotts illustrated Q&A review of histology
• Biliary system
• Urinary system
• Female reproductive system
• Endocrine system
• Special sense organs
• Comprehensive review
• Lippincotts illustrated Q&A review of biochemistry
• Biochemical compounds
• Protein structure and function
• RNA synthesis
• Protein synthesis
• DNA structure
• Energy metabolism overview
• TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
• Glycogen metabolism
• Fatty acid metabolism
• Amino acid metabolism
• Phospholipid metabolism
• Cell biology
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Cartilage and bone
• Blood and hematopoiesis
• Muscle tissue
• Respiratory system
• The pancreas
• The kidney
• The lower urinary tract
• Male reproductive system
• The female reproductive system
• The endocrine system
• The amyloidoses
• Cell injury
• Genetic diseases
• Nutritional pathology
• Hemodynamic disorders
• Infectious and parasitic diseases
• Blood vessels
• The respiratory system
• The gastrointestinal tract