tailieunhanh - Ebook Atlas of adult autopsy pathology: Part 2

(BQ) Part 1 book “Atlas of adult autopsy pathology” has contents: The genitourinary system, the endocrine system, the lymphoreticular system, the locomotor system, the central nervous system, decomposed bodies, histology of the autopsy, medical procedures and devices encountered at autopsy. | ■ Chapter 7 The Genitourinary System Introduction The genitourinary tract comprises the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the sexual organs. Diseases of these organs are common, are often encountered at autopsy, and frequently have relevance to the cause of death. Consequently, the genitourinary tract should be examined in every autopsy. Urinary Tract The urinary tract comprises the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Diseases of these organs are common, and they may be congenital or acquired. Congenital abnormalities of the kidneys and ureters are not infrequently encountered at autopsy and arise as a result of errors in organogenesis. Horseshoe kidney, congenital absence of a kidney, pelvic kidney, and duplex ureters are frequently encountered abnormalities. They typically have little or no pathological significance. Many different localized and systemic diseases affect the kidneys. The kidney has a limited range of responses to pathological insult, and consequently histopathological, immunological, and electron microscopic examination may be required to elucidate the underlying cause. Benign neoplasia is fairly uncommon, but malignancy is often encountered, and it may be an unexpected finding at autopsy. Renal cell carcinomas metastasize to bones, and the finding of a renal cell carcinoma should prompt examination of the vertebral bone marrow for the presence of metastatic disease. This is done by performing a simple vertebral strip. Disease of the ureters most typically arises as a consequence of disease elsewhere in the urinary tract. Calculi that formed in the kidney may lodge in the ureter, and the ureter may become dilated because of more distal urinary tract obstruction. Ureteric malignant diseases are rare. The appearance of the normal bladder varies considerably, depending on the volume of urine within it. The bladder is a common site of infection, and this can result in fatal sepsis. Trabeculation and the formation of diverticula are commonly encountered, .