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c h a p t e r9Basic basic understanding of mathematics is necessary for covered in this and subsequent chapters involving calculations. This chapter will demonstrate basic mathematics as , but will mainly focus on the problem solving seen pharmacy technician exams. To complete this chapter, need a basic calculator that adds, subtracts, divides, common 1354/6/17 11:43 AM.–BASIC PHARMACY MATH–Fundamentals of in the pharmacy setting require you a basic understanding of Roman numerals,.Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.), thinking (the ability to look at a problem out the steps necessary to solve it).Roman pharmacy practice, we may use Roman denote quantities ordered on prescriptions compounding, especially when using system of weights and measuresA numeral is a word or sign, or a group of signs, which express a number. The easiest way a number is to make that many marks—little I’sThus I would mean 1, II would mean 2, III 3, and so on. However, this system and clumsy for larger numbersIn the Roman system of counting, letters to designate numbers. Upper and lowercase letters signify the same values (., i = I). There letters which represent Roman numerals: I, V,.X, L, C, D, and MArabic and Roman or i*2II or ii3III or iii4IV or iv5V or v6VI or vi7VII or vii8VIII or viii9IX or ixArabic and Roman or x20XX or xx30XXX or xxx40XL or xl50L or l100C or c500D or d1,000M or m* All lowercase Roman numerals may be written with a line above general, Roman numerals can be converted numbers mathematically by simply assigning value to each letter and calculating a totalAlthough the historical practice has varied, the modern convention is to arrange the letters from left , in order of decreasing value; the total is by adding the numerical values of all in the sequence. For example, the MDCLXXXVIII would be equal to:.1,000 + 500 + 100 + 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 +.1+ 1+ 1 = 1, this notation, Roman numerals can long—and so the Romans began to use contractions, called the subtraction principle, in which letter appears before a larger letter to smaller number: IV = one from five = 4 or CM = from one thousand = 900There is one additional “Roman” numeral pharmacy practice, but was never used by : ss = __12 . You should be aware of this notation,.but avoid its use. It is easily confused with the when handwritten and could lead to errorsA simple set of rules governs the Roman notation in pharmacy practice. The position of 1364/6/17 11:43 AM.–BASIC PHARMACY MATH–letter to another is very important and determines of the Roman numeral. Repeating a twice doubles its value; repeating a three times triples its value:.I = 1 and II = = 10 and xxx = , Roman numerals are not than three times in succession:.III = 3 is a correct notation, but IIII = 4 you place the same or a smaller after a larger Roman numeral, you add numerals

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