tailieunhanh - Lecture Computer organization and architecture - Chapter 7: Assembly language

This chapter presents the following content: Making friend with an assembly compiler, try to compile some very basic assembly programs. | Chapter 10 Computer Organization and Architecture Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions 1 KEY POINTS The essential elements of a computer instruction are the opcode, which specifies the operation to be performed; the source and destination operand references, which specify the input and output locations for the operation; and a next instruction reference, which is usually implicit. Opcodes specify operations in one of the following general categories: arithmetic and logic operations; movement of data between two registers, register and memory, or two memory locations; I/O; and control. Operand references specify a register or memory location of operand data. The type of data may be addresses, numbers, characters, or logical data. 2 Instruction Sets . Machine Instruction Characteristics . Elements of a Machine Instruction The operation of the processor is determined by the instructions it executes, referred to as machine instructions or computer instructions. The . | Chapter 10 Computer Organization and Architecture Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions 1 KEY POINTS The essential elements of a computer instruction are the opcode, which specifies the operation to be performed; the source and destination operand references, which specify the input and output locations for the operation; and a next instruction reference, which is usually implicit. Opcodes specify operations in one of the following general categories: arithmetic and logic operations; movement of data between two registers, register and memory, or two memory locations; I/O; and control. Operand references specify a register or memory location of operand data. The type of data may be addresses, numbers, characters, or logical data. 2 Instruction Sets . Machine Instruction Characteristics . Elements of a Machine Instruction The operation of the processor is determined by the instructions it executes, referred to as machine instructions or computer instructions. The collection of different instructions that the processor can execute is referred to as the processor’s instruction set. Elements of a Machine Instruction Operation code: Specifies the operation to be performed (., ADD, I/O). The operation is specified by a binary code, known as the operation code, or opcode. . Elements of a Machine Instruction Figure . Instruction Cycle State Diagram . Machine Instruction Characteristics Source operand reference: The operation may involve one or more source operands, that is, operands that are inputs for the operation. Result operand reference: The operation may produce a result. Next instruction reference: This tells the processor where to fetch the next instruction after the execution of this instruction is complete. The address of the next instruction to be fetched could be either a real address or a virtual address, depending on the architecture. . Elements of a Machine Instruction Source and result operands can be in one of .