tailieunhanh - Lecture Biology (7th edition) - Chapter 43: The immune system

In this chapter you should be able to: Distinguish between innate and acquired immunity; name and describe four types of phagocytic cells; describe the inflammation response; distinguish between the following pairs of terms: antigens and antibodies; antigen and epitope; B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; antibodies and B cell receptors; primary and secondary immune responses; humoral and cell-mediated response; active and passive immunity;. | Chapter 43 The Immune System Overview: Reconnaissance, Recognition, and Response An animal must defend itself From the many dangerous pathogens it may encounter in the environment Two major kinds of defense have evolved that counter these threats Innate immunity and acquired immunity Innate immunity Is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth Involves nonspecific responses to pathogens Figure 3 m Acquired immunity, also called adaptive immunity Develops only after exposure to inducing agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances Involves a very specific response to pathogens A summary of innate and acquired immunity INNATE IMMUNITY Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Slower responses to specific microbes External defenses Internal defenses Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Phagocytic cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Natural killer cells Humoral response (antibodies) Cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes) Invading microbes (pathogens) Figure Concept : Innate immunity provides broad defenses against infection A pathogen that successfully breaks through an animal’s external defenses Soon encounters several innate cellular and chemical mechanisms that impede its attack on the body External Defenses Intact skin and mucous membranes Form physical barriers that bar the entry of microorganisms and viruses Certain cells of the mucous membranes produce mucus A viscous fluid that traps microbes and other particles In the trachea, ciliated epithelial cells Sweep mucus and any entrapped microbes upward, preventing the microbes from entering the lungs Figure 10 m Secretions of the skin and mucous membranes Provide an environment that is often hostile to microbes Secretions from the skin Give the skin a pH between 3 and 5, which is acidic enough to prevent colonization of many microbes Also include proteins such as lysozyme, an enzyme that digests the . | Chapter 43 The Immune System Overview: Reconnaissance, Recognition, and Response An animal must defend itself From the many dangerous pathogens it may encounter in the environment Two major kinds of defense have evolved that counter these threats Innate immunity and acquired immunity Innate immunity Is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth Involves nonspecific responses to pathogens Figure 3 m Acquired immunity, also called adaptive immunity Develops only after exposure to inducing agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances Involves a very specific response to pathogens A summary of innate and acquired immunity INNATE IMMUNITY Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Slower responses to specific microbes External defenses Internal defenses Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Phagocytic cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Natural killer cells Humoral response (antibodies) Cell-mediated .

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