tailieunhanh - Lecture Principles of Microeconomics: Chapter 13 - James D. Miller

Chapter 13 - Challenge to market effectiveness 3: Externalities and the environment. After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are negative and positive externalities? What is the pollution problem? What are the methods of reducing the pollution problem? What is the challenge of global warming? What are the methods of reducing traffic jams? What role does politics play in externalities? What are the environmental problems caused by the government? What are technological spillovers? | Chapter 13 Challenge To Market Effectiveness 3: Externalities And The Environment McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives What are negative and positive externalities? What is the pollution problem? What are the methods of reducing the pollution problem? What is the challenge of global warming? What are the methods of reducing traffic jams? What role does politics play in externalities? What are the environmental problems caused by the government? What are technological spillovers? 13- The Pollution Problem Without government assistance, Adam Smith’s invisible hand does little to reduce pollution. As pollution is created by imperfect markets and regulated by imperfect governments, there is no ultimate pollution solution. 13- Externalities Negative Externalities: A negative externality is a cost paid by people other than the buyer or seller of a good. Self-interested buyers and sellers don’t take . | Chapter 13 Challenge To Market Effectiveness 3: Externalities And The Environment McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives What are negative and positive externalities? What is the pollution problem? What are the methods of reducing the pollution problem? What is the challenge of global warming? What are the methods of reducing traffic jams? What role does politics play in externalities? What are the environmental problems caused by the government? What are technological spillovers? 13- The Pollution Problem Without government assistance, Adam Smith’s invisible hand does little to reduce pollution. As pollution is created by imperfect markets and regulated by imperfect governments, there is no ultimate pollution solution. 13- Externalities Negative Externalities: A negative externality is a cost paid by people other than the buyer or seller of a good. Self-interested buyers and sellers don’t take into account negative externalities in their decision-making, . pollution and smoking. Positive Externalities: Positive externalities are benefits received by people other than the buyer and seller of a good. Self-interested individuals will buy less than the socially optimal number of positive externality goods, . vaccine and perfumes. 13- Externalities and Anti-Theft Devices The Club is a metal “club” that locks through a steering wheel, preventing a thief from turning the wheel. One car owner’s use of The Club therefore decreases the chance of his car getting stolen, but increases the chance of another car being pilfered: Negative externality. LoJack is a tiny electronic locator. When a car with LoJack is stolen, the locator is activated, signaling the car’s location to the police. Widespread use of LoJack makes it less likely that thieves will steal any car since they don’t know which car has LoJack: Positive externality. 13- Methods of Reducing the Harm of .

• Kinh tế học
• Principles of Microeconomics
• Lecture Principles of Microeconomics
• Pollution problem
• Anti theft devices
• Pigouvian taxes
• Poor countries
• Ten principles of economics
• Scarce resources
• Scarcity implies choice
• Choice implies cost
• Thinking like an economist
• Economic models
• Circular flow diagram
• Production possibilities frontier
• The gains from trade
• Production possibilities
• Comparative advantage
• Absolute advantage
• Market forces
• Supply and demand
• Market economies
• Competitive markets
• Price elasticity of demand
• Price elasticity
• Midpoint method
• Demand curves
• Controls on prices
• Price ceiling
• Price floor
• Market outcomes
• Market failures
• Negative externalities
• Positive externalities
• Market inefficiency
• Public goods
• Common resources
• Types of goods
• Cost benefit analysis
• Tax system
• Federal government
• Marginal tax rate
• Budget surplus
• Costs of production
• Total revenue
• Total cost
• Opportunity costs
• Firms in competitive markets
• Average revenue
• Marginal revenue
• Sunk costs
• Monopoly resources
• Government created monopolies
• Natural monopolies
• Monopoly’s revenue
• Monopolistic competition
• Nash equilibrium
• Equilibrium for oligopoly
• Game theory
• Long run equilibrium
• Perfect competition
• Production possibility frontier
• Opportunity cost
• Rational people
• Indirect effects
• Law of demand
• Factors change demand
• Law of supply
• Market demand
• Demand intersect
• Demand determine prices
• Change in demand
• Change in supply
• Elastic demand curve
• Policy analysis with supply
• Policy analysis with demand
• Wealth creation
• Production cost
• Total surplus
• International trade
• Additional benefits of trade
• Average costs
• Break even price
• Increasing marginal costs
• Long run analysis
• Firms profit graphically
• Accounting profit
• Market effectiveness
• Monopolist pricing
• Price discrimination
• Antitrust laws
• Disruptive innovation in oligopolies
• Predatory pricing