tailieunhanh - Lecture Discovering nutrition - Chapter 11: Life cycle: maternal and infant nutrition

Chapter 11 - Life cycle: maternal and infant nutrition. After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: Pregnancy, lactation, resources for pregnant and lactating women and their children, infancy. | Chapter 11 Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition 1 Nutrition Before Conception Health Care and Guidance Screening for risk Health promotion and education Intervention as needed Weight Maintain a healthy weight Low or high weight increases risk for poor outcome Not a good time to “diet” 2 Nutrition Before Conception Vitamins 400–800 micrograms synthetic folic acid per day reduces risk of fetal neural tube defect Avoid high doses of vitamin A (retinol) to avoid teratogenic effect 3 Nutrition Before Conception Substance use Eliminate prior to pregnancy 4 Physiology of Pregnancy Stages of Human Fetal Growth Blastogenic stage: first 2 weeks Cells differentiate into fetus and placenta Embryonic stage: weeks 2 to 8 Development of organ systems Fetal stage: week 9 to delivery Growth 5 Physiology of Pregnancy Maternal Physiological Changes Growth of maternal tissue Adipose, breast, and uterine tissues Increase in maternal blood volume Slower GI motility 8 Maternal Weight Gain Recommendations depend on BMI Normal weight (BMI = –26 kg/m2) Gain 25 to 35 pounds Higher recommended gain for underweight women, teens, and for pregnancies involving multiple fetuses Lower recommended gain for overweight and obese women 10 11 Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy Energy Needs increase to support fetus and placenta, as well as increased workload on mother’s heart and lungs Support adequate weight gain Nutrients to support pregnancy Recommended that all women planning on pregnancy take a folic acid supplement Well-balanced diet 13 Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy Macronutrients Moderate-protein, low-fat, and high carbohydrate Protein Extra needed for synthesis of new maternal, placental, and fetal tissues Additional 25 gm/d over nonpregnancy needs 15 Energy and Nutrition During Pregnancy Macronutrients Fat Fuel for mother and development of placenta Stored fat supports breastfeeding Carbohydrates Main source of extra calories Complex carbohydrates Fiber-rich 16 Energy and | Chapter 11 Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition 1 Nutrition Before Conception Health Care and Guidance Screening for risk Health promotion and education Intervention as needed Weight Maintain a healthy weight Low or high weight increases risk for poor outcome Not a good time to “diet” 2 Nutrition Before Conception Vitamins 400–800 micrograms synthetic folic acid per day reduces risk of fetal neural tube defect Avoid high doses of vitamin A (retinol) to avoid teratogenic effect 3 Nutrition Before Conception Substance use Eliminate prior to pregnancy 4 Physiology of Pregnancy Stages of Human Fetal Growth Blastogenic stage: first 2 weeks Cells differentiate into fetus and placenta Embryonic stage: weeks 2 to 8 Development of organ systems Fetal stage: week 9 to delivery Growth 5 Physiology of Pregnancy Maternal Physiological Changes Growth of maternal tissue Adipose, breast, and uterine tissues Increase in maternal blood volume Slower GI motility 8 Maternal Weight Gain .