tailieunhanh - Ebook Medical physiology - A systems approach: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Medical physiology - A systems approach” has contents: Tubular transport mechanisms, renal handling of organic substances, gastric secretion, intestinal motility, female reproductive system, male reproductive system, endocrine pancreas, and other contents. | 37 C Acid–Base Regulation and Causes of Hypoxia Michael Levitzky H A P T E R O B J E C T I V E S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Define acids, bases, and buffers. List the buffer systems available in the human body. State the normal ranges of arterial pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate concentration, and define alkalosis and acidosis. List the potential causes of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Discuss the respiratory mechanisms that help compensate for acidosis and alkalosis. Evaluate blood gas data to determine acid–base status. Classify and explain the causes of tissue hypoxia. The respiratory and renal systems maintain the balance of acids and bases in the body. This chapter will introduce the major concepts of the respiratory system’s contribution to acid–base balance; Chapter 47 addresses the renal system contribution to acid–base balance and includes a more detailed discussion of the basic chemistry of acid–base physiology, buffers, and the chemistry of the CO2–bicarbonate system. INTRODUCTION TO ACID–BASE CHEMISTRY An acid can be simply defined as a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (a proton) to another substance and a base as a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion from another substance. A strong acid is a substance that is completely or almost completely dissociated into a hydrogen ion and its corresponding or conjugate base in dilute aqueous solution; a weak acid is only slightly ionized in aqueous solution. In general, a strong acid has a weak conjugate base and a weak acid has a strong conjugate base. The strength of an acid or a base should not be confused with its concentration. A buffer is a mixture of substances in aqueous solution (usually a combination of a weak acid and its conjugate base) that can resist changes in hydrogen ion concentration when 375 strong acids or bases are added; that is, the changes in hydrogen ion concentration that occur when a strong acid or base is added to a .

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