tailieunhanh - Protein and DNA in systematic biology

Since the 1960s, biological macromolecules have occupied an increasingly important role in evolutionary and systematic studies. These biological macromolecules, used as sources of molecular characteristics, are proteins and various types of DNA such as a nuclear genome, nuclear ribosomal DNA, mitochondrial genome, and chloroplast genome. | Turk J Biol 27 (2003) 47-55 © TÜB‹TAK Protein and DNA in Systematic Biology Selma GÜLB‹TT‹ ONARICI*, Sibel SÜMER Department of Biology Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara - TURKEY Received: Abstract: Since the 1960s, biological macromolecules have occupied an increasingly important role in evolutionary and systematic studies. These biological macromolecules, used as sources of molecular characteristics, are proteins and various types of DNA such as a nuclear genome, nuclear ribosomal DNA, mitochondrial genome, and chloroplast genome. Electrophoresis and immunological techniques are used for generating systematic data from proteins. Generally, electrophoretic methods focus on two general forms of protein data, isozymes and allozymes, while the basis of immunological studies is antigen-antibody reactions. Basic methodologies for using DNA for systematic purposes include DNA-DNA hybridizations, restriction enzyme analysis, sequencing, cloning, PCR and PCR-based fingerprinting techniques. Key Words: DNA, Protein, Systematic Biology, Phylogeny Sistematik Biyolojide Protein ve DNA Özet: 1960'l› y›llardan itibaren biyolojik makromoleküller evrimsel ve sistematik çal›flmalarda giderek artan önemli bir role sahip olmufllard›r. Moleküler özelliklerin kayna¤› olarak kullan›lan bu biyolojik makromoleküller, protein ve nükleer genom, nükleer ribosomal DNA, mitokondrial genom, kloroplast genomu gibi DNA'n›n çeflitli tipleridir. Proteinlerden sistematik veriler elde etmek için elektroforetik ve immünolojik teknikler kullan›l›r. Elektroforetik metotlar genellikle protein verilerinin iki genel formu olan izozimler ve allozimler üzerine odaklan›rken, immünolojik çal›flmalar›n temeli antijen-antikor tepkimeleridir. Sistematik amaçlar için DNA'n›n kullan›ld›¤› baz› temel metotlar DNA-DNA hibridizasyonu, restriksiyon enzim analizi, klonlama, dizileme, PCR ve PCR-tabanl› parmakizi teknikleridir. Anahtar Sözcükler: DNA, protein, sistematik .