tailieunhanh - Ebook Coté and Lerman's a practice of anesthesia for infants and children (6/E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Coté and Lerman's a practice of anesthesia for infants and children” has contents: Plastic and reconstructive surgery, burn injuries, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, malignant hyperthermia, regional anesthesia, ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia, chronic pain, anesthesia outside the operating room, and other conetnts. | SECTION VI The Abdomen OUTLINE 28 Essentials of Nephrology 29 General Abdominal and Urologic Surgery 30 Essentials of Hepatology 31 Organ Transplantation 2903 28 Essentials of Nephrology Delbert R. Wigfall, John W. Foreman, Warwick A. Ames Renal Physiology Fluids and Electrolytes Acid-Base Balance Disease States Acute Renal Failure and Acute Kidney Injury Chronic Renal Failure Preoperative Preparation of the Child With Renal Dysfunction Preoperative Laboratory Evaluation Perioperative Dialysis Medications Intraoperative Management Strategies for Renal Protection Vascular Access Environment Fluids and Blood Products Anesthetic Agents 2904 Postoperative Concerns THE ANESTHESIA PRACTITIONER IS OFTEN FACED with a child who has acute kidney injury (AKI) or renal failure. Renal disease requires the practitioner to be vigilant about fluid homeostasis, acid-base balance, electrolyte management, choice of anesthetics, and potential complications. This requires a thorough understanding of the excretory and fluid homeostatic functions of the kidney, particularly in the neonate and younger child. If not managed assiduously, perioperative renal dysfunction can deteriorate into renal failure or multiorgan system failure resulting in significant morbidity or mortality. The anesthesia provider must understand renal physiology, appropriate preoperative preparation, intraoperative management, and postoperative care of the child with renal disease. Renal Physiology The basic functions of the kidney are to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and metabolism. The first step in this tightly controlled process is the production of the glomerular filtrate from the renal plasma. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) depends on renal blood flow (RBF), which depends on the systolic blood pressure and circulating blood volume. The kidneys are the best perfused organs per gram of weight in the body. They receive 20% to 30% of the cardiac output maintained over a wide range of .