tailieunhanh - Lecture AP Biology - Chapter 44: Controlling the internal environment

After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: Three categories of nitrogenous waste, which animal groups produce each, and why; the components of a nephron, and what occurs in each regionl; how hormones affect water balance by acting on the nephron. | Ch. 44 Warm-Up Draw and label the parts of a nephron. What are the 4 main functions of a nephron? Where does each function in #2 above occur in a nephron? In the glomerulus, which substances are filtered? Which substances remain in the blood? Chapter 44 Controlling the Internal Environment What you must know: Three categories of nitrogenous waste, which animal groups produce each, and why. The components of a nephron, and what occurs in each region. How hormones affect water balance by acting on the nephron. Osmoregulation: control solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss Excretion: removal of nitrogenous wastes from body Types of Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia – water soluble, very toxic; aquatic animals Urea – produced by liver; less toxic, conserves water; most vertebrates Uric acid – excreted as paste or crystals; birds & reptiles Types of Nitrogenous Wastes Various forms of excretory systems Protonephridia - Platyhelminthes (Planaria) Malpighian tubules – Insects, arthropods Metanephridia - Annelida Kidneys - Vertebrates Least Most Complex: Protonephridium: closed tubes lacking an internal opening capped by a cellular unit called flame bulb. Urine passes out of small pores. Metanephridia: internal openings collect body fluids into a long tube surrounded by capillaries. Urine exits out pores. Malpighian tubes: remove N waste from hemolymph, located near digestive tract. Secretes dry waste with feces. Kidneys: compact organs containing tubules surrounded by capillaries. Functions in water and blood filtration, excretion of N waste and salt Water and solutes enter filtrate; blood cells and proteins remain in body fluid. Reclaim glucose, vitamins, hormones Add toxins and excess ions Filtrate leaves body as urine How to make urine: Mammalian Excretory System Nephrons: functional units of the kidney Glomerulus: filtrate forced into Bowman’s capsule. Blood cells and proteins DO NOT enter filtrate Processing of blood filtrate: Proximal tubule: secretion & . | Ch. 44 Warm-Up Draw and label the parts of a nephron. What are the 4 main functions of a nephron? Where does each function in #2 above occur in a nephron? In the glomerulus, which substances are filtered? Which substances remain in the blood? Chapter 44 Controlling the Internal Environment What you must know: Three categories of nitrogenous waste, which animal groups produce each, and why. The components of a nephron, and what occurs in each region. How hormones affect water balance by acting on the nephron. Osmoregulation: control solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss Excretion: removal of nitrogenous wastes from body Types of Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia – water soluble, very toxic; aquatic animals Urea – produced by liver; less toxic, conserves water; most vertebrates Uric acid – excreted as paste or crystals; birds & reptiles Types of Nitrogenous Wastes Various forms of excretory systems Protonephridia - Platyhelminthes (Planaria) Malpighian tubules – Insects, .