tailieunhanh - Ebook Understandable statistics (9th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Understandable statistics" has contents: Hypothesis testing, correlation and regression, chi square and F distributions, nonparametric statistics. | 9 Introduction to Statistical Tests Testing the Mean m Testing a Proportion p Tests Involving Paired Differences (Dependent Samples) Testing m1 Ϫ m2 and p1 Ϫ p2 (Independent Samples) “Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?” “That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,” said the Cat. “I don’t much care where—” said Alice. “Then it doesn’t matter which way you go,” said the Cat. _Lewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland For on-line student resources, visit the Brase/Brase, Understandable Statistics, 9th edition web site at . 398 Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832–1898) was an English mathematician who loved to write children’s stories in his free time. The dialogue between Alice and the Cheshire Cat occurs in the masterpiece Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, written by Dodgson under the pen name Lewis Carroll. These lines relate to our study of hypothesis testing. Statistical tests cannot answer all of life’s questions. They cannot always tell us “where to go,” but after this decision is made on other grounds, they can help us find the best way to get there. Hypothesis Testing P R EVI EW QU ESTIONS Many of life’s questions require a yes or no answer. When you must act on incomplete (sample) information, how do you decide whether to accept or reject a proposal? (SECTION ) What is the P-value of a statistical test? What does this measurement have to do with performance reliability? (SECTION ) How do you construct statistical tests for m? Does it make a difference whether s is known or unknown? (SECTION ) How do you construct statistical tests for the proportion p of successes in a binomial experiment? (SECTION ) What are the advantages of pairing data values? How do you construct statistical tests for paired differences? (SECTION ) How do you construct statistical tests for differences of independent random variables? (SECTION ) FOCUS PROBLEM Benford’s Law: .