tailieunhanh - Measuring the Impacts of Fedral Investments in Research by Steve Olson and Stephen Merrill1

.Steve Olson and Stephen Merrill, on Measuring Economic and Other Research on Science, Technology, and Economic on Science, Engineering, and Public and Global NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, . Washington, DC 20001NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by Board of the National Research Council, whose members are the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the for the report were chosen for their special competences and for appropriate balanceThis study was supported by Contract/Grant No. SMA-1019816 between Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation;.Contract/Grant No. N01-OD-4-2139, TO #231, between the National Sciences and the National Institutes of Health; Contract/Grant NoG104P00159 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Survey; Contract/Grant No. 59-9000-0-0093 between the of Sciences and the . Department of Agriculture; Contract/. EP-11-H-001414 between the National Academy of Sciences and Protection Agency; Contract/Grant No. DE-SC000614 National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Energy;.Contract/Grant No. NNH10CC488,TO #5, between the National Academy and NASA. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for Standard Book Number -13: Standard Book Number -10: copies of this report are available from the National , 500 Fifth Street, ., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 6246242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet,.: The cover design incorporates a feature of the 1924 National Sciences building in Washington. Sculpted by Lee Lawrie, the , running the length of the roof, features alternating figures of owls , symbolizing wisdom and alert observation, respectivelyCopyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,.dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone of the National Academy of SciencesThe National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences for advising the federal government. The National Academy also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting , encourages education and research, and recognizes the of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the of EngineeringThe Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of its congressional charter to be an advi