tailieunhanh - Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience2

15 Introduction."Language is the way we interact and communicate, so, naturally, the means of the conceptual background that’s behind it, which is more important, are used to try attitudes and opinions and induce conformity and subordination. Not surprisingly, created in the more democratic societies." - is a central part of everyday life and communication a natural human necessityFor those reasons there has been a high interest in their properties. However describing of language turns out to be quite hardWe can define language as a system of communication through which we code and feelings, thoughts, ideas and experiences.[1].Already Plato was concerned with the nature of language in his dialogue “Cratylus”,.where he discussed first ideas about nowadays important principles of linguistics and phonology. Gradually philosophers, natural scientists and interested in features of languageSince the emergence of the cognitive science in the 50's and Chomsky´s criticism on view, language is seen as a cognitive ability of humans, thus in other major fields like computer science and psychology. Today, psycholinguistics is a discipline on its own and its most important topics are acquisition, comprehension of languageEspecially in the 20th century many studies concerning communication have been conducted,.evoking new views on old facts. New techniques, like CT, MRI and fMRI or EEG, in Methods of Behavioural and Neuroscience Methods, made it possible to during communication processes in detailLater on an overview of the most popular experiments and observed effects is presentedBut in order to understand those one needs to have a basic idea of semantics and syntax as of linguistic principles for processing words, sentences and full textsFinally some questions will arise: How is language affected by culture? Or in , the discussion about the relationship between language and thoughts has to Historical review on Psycholinguistics &. with philosophical approaches, the nature of the human language had ever been of interest. Galileo in the 16th century saw the human language as the most of humans. Later on in the 18th century the scientific study of language began . Wilhelm Wundt (founder of the first laboratory of psychology) saw the mechanism by which thoughts are transformed into sentences. The observations and Broca (see chapter 9) were milestones in the studies of language as a . In the early 1900s the behaviouristic view influenced the study of language . In 1957 published his book "Verbal Behaviour", in which he learning of language can be seen as a mechanism of reinforcement. Noam Chomsky.(quoted at the beginning of this chapter) published in the same year "Syntactic Structures"He proposed that the ability to invent language is somehow coded in the genes. That to the idea that the underlying basis of language is similar across cultures. be some kind of universal grammar as a base, independent of what kind of language.(including sign language) might be used by humans. Further on Chomsky published a Skinner´s "Verbal Behaviour" in which he presented arguments against the . There are still some scientists who are convinced that it does not need a like Chomsky proposed, but in the meantime most agree that human language be seen as a cognitive ability. [edit] Current goals of natural language can be analysed at a number of different levels. In linguistics we phonology (sounds), morphology (words), syntax

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