tailieunhanh - Ebook Chemistry (10E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Chemistry" has contents: Physical properties of solutions, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, synthetic and natural organic polymers, nonmetallic elements and their compounds,.and other contents. | Physical Properties of Solutions A sugar cube dissolving in water. The properties of a solution are markedly different from those of its solvent. The solubility of sugar molecules in water is mainly due to hydrogen bond formation between the solute and the solvent. The models show glucose and water molecules. Chapter Outline A Look Ahead • We begin by examining different types of solutions that can be formed from the three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. We also characterize a solution by the amount of solute present as unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated. () • The Effect of Temperature on Solubility Next we study the formation of solutions at the molecular level and see how intermolecular forces affect the energetics of the solution process and solubility. () • The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases We study the four major types of concentration units—percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, and molality—and their interconversions. () • Temperature in general has a marked effect on the solubility of gases as well as liquids and solids. () Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions • Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions We see that pressure has no influence on the solubility of liquids and solids, but greatly affects the solubility of gases. The quantitative relationship between gas solubility and pressure is given by Henry’s law. () • Colloids We learn that physical properties such as the vapor pressure, melting point, boiling point, and osmotic pressure of a solution depend only on the concentration and not the identity of the solute present. We first study these colligative properties and their applications for nonelectrolyte solutions. () • We then extend our study of colligative properties to electrolyte solutions and learn about the influence of ion pair formation on these properties. () • The chapter ends with a brief examination of .