tailieunhanh - Ebook Financial accounting and reporting (14th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Financial accounting and reporting" has contents: Inventories, construction contracts, accounting for groups at the date of acquisition, statements of cash flows, analytical analysis – selective use of ratios,and other contents. | 462 • Statement of financial position – equity, liability and asset measurement and disclosure Research defined IAS 38 states2 ‘expenditure on research shall be recognised as an expense when it is incurred’. This means that it cannot be included as an intangible asset in the statement of financial position. The standard gives examples of research activities3 as: 1 activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge; 2 the search for, evaluation and final selection of, applications of research findings or other knowledge; 3 the search for alternatives for materials, devices, products, processes, systems and services; 4 the formulation, design, evaluation and final selection of possible alternatives for new or improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services. Normally, research expenditure is not related directly to any of the company’s products or processes. For instance, development of a high temperature material, which can be used in any aero engine, would be ‘research’, but development of a honeycomb for a particular engine would be ‘development’. Whilst it is in the research phase, the IAS position4 is that an entity cannot demonstrate that an intangible asset exists that will generate probable future economic benefits. It is this inability that justifies the IAS requirement for research expenditure not to be capitalised but to be charged as an expense when it is incurred. Development defined Expenditure is recognised5 as development if the entity can identify an intangible asset and demonstrate that the asset will generate probable future economic benefits. The standard gives examples of development activities:6 (a) the design, construction and testing of pre-production and pre-use prototypes and models; (b) the design of tools, jigs, moulds and dies involving new technology; (c) the design, construction and operation of a pilot plant that is not of a scale economically feasible for commercial production; (d) the design, construction and .