tailieunhanh - Ebook General chemistry - The essential concepts: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "General chemistry - The essential concepts" has contents: Introduction to organic chemistry, intermolecular forces and liquids and solids, physical properties of solutions, chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, thermodynamics, redox reactions and electrochemistry,.and other contents. | Page 363 9/16/09 9:15:04 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHDQ-New/MHDQ144/MHDQ144-11 CHAPTER 11 HO H N O CH 3 O The burning sensation of chili peppers such as habaneros is mostly due to the organic compound capsaicin (illustrated by its skeletal structure). Introduction to Organic Chemistry CHAPTER OUTLINE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS Classes of Organic Compounds 364 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 364 Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain primarily carbon and hydrogen atoms, plus nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and atoms of other elements. The parent compounds of all organic compounds are the hydrocarbons—the alkanes (containing only single bonds), the alkenes (containing carbon-carbon double bonds), the alkynes (containing carbon-carbon triple bonds), and the aromatic hydrocarbons (containing the benzene ring). Functional Groups The reactivity of organic compounds can be reliably predicted by the presence of functional groups, which are groups of atoms that are largely responsible for the chemical behavior of the compounds. Chirality Certain organic compounds can exist as nonsuperimposable mirror-image twins. These compounds are said to be chiral. The pure enantiomer of a compound can rotate planepolarized light. Enantiomers have identical physical properties but exhibit different chemical properties toward another chiral substance. Alkanes • Cycloalkanes • Alkenes • Alkynes Aromatic Hydrocarbons 379 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds • Properties and Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Chemistry of the Functional Groups 382 Alcohols • Ethers • Aldehydes and Ketones • Carboxylic Acids • Esters • Amines • Summary of Functional Groups Chirality—The Handedness of Molecules 389 STUDENT INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES Animations Chirality () Electronic Homework Example Practice Problems End of Chapter Problems 363 Page 364 9/16/09 9:15:23 PM user-s180 364 1A H 2A CHAPTER .