tailieunhanh - Ebook Instant notes in organic chemistry (2nd edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Instant notes in organic chemistry" has contents: Carbocation stabilization, electronic and steric effects, reduction and oxidation, aldehydes and ketones, elimination versus substitution, preparation of phenols,.and other contents. | Section J – Aldehydes and ketones J1 PREPARATION Key Notes Functional group transformations Functional group transformations allow the conversion of a functional group to an aldehyde or a ketone without affecting the carbon skeleton of the molecule. Aldehydes can be synthesized by the oxidation of primary alcohols, or by the reduction of esters, acid chlorides, or nitriles. Ketones can be synthesized by the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Methyl ketones can be synthesized from terminal alkynes. C–C Bond formation Reactions which result in the formation of aldehydes and ketones by carbon–carbon bond formation are useful in the construction of more complex carbon skeletons from simple starting materials. Ketones can be synthesized from the reaction of acid chlorides with organocuprate reagents, or from the reaction of nitriles with a Grignard or organolithium reagent. Aromatic ketones can be synthesized by the Friedel–Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring. C–C Bond cleavage Aldehydes and ketones can be obtained from the ozonolysis of suitably substituted alkenes. Related topics Reduction and oxidation of alkenes (H6) Electrophilic additions to alkynes (H8) Electrophilic substitutions of benzene (I3) Reactions (K6) Reactions of alkyl halides (L6) Reactions of alcohols (M4) Chemistry of nitriles (O4) Functional group transformations Functional group transformations allow the conversion of a functional group to an aldehyde or a ketone without affecting the carbon skeleton of the molecule. Aldehydes can be synthesized by the oxidation of primary alcohols (Topic M4), or by the reduction of esters (Topic K6), acid chlorides (Topic K6), or nitriles (Topic O4). Since nitriles can be obtained from alkyl halides (Topic L6), this is a way of adding an aldehyde unit (CHO) to an alkyl halide (Fig. 1). Ketones can be synthesized by the oxidation of secondary alcohols (Topic M4). Methyl ketones can be synthesized from terminal alkynes (Topic H8). C–C .