tailieunhanh - Ebook The toxicologist’s pocket handbook (3/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “The toxicologist’s pocket handbook” has contents: Reproductive/Developmental toxicology, clinical pathology, risk assessment, human clinical toxicology, industrial chemical toxicology, pharmaceutical and related toxicology, miscellaneous information, and other contents. | 8 Immunotoxicology Bone marrow Putative stem cell Thymus LG/NK cell Tumor target cell T-helper/inducer cell (CD3,4) Antigen presentation T-cytotoxic suppressor cell (CD3,8) Help Antigen presentation Nonspecific lysis Pre-B cell Specific lysis Antigen-presenting cell Macropage Dendritic cell Other B-cell Help lgA lgG lgM Antibody-producing lgE plasma cell T-helper 2 IL-4 IL-10 T-helper 1 IL-2 IFN-γ Dendritic cell Delayed-type hpersensitivity FIGURE 2 Cellular elements of the immune system. 147 Type II (cytotoxic) Type III (immune complex) Type IV (delayed hypersensitivity) Cephalosporins: hemolytic anemia Aminopyrine: leukopenia Quinidine, gold: thrombocytopenia Hydralazine: systemic lupus erythromatosis Methicillin: chronic glomerulonephritis Nickel, penicillin, dinitrochlorobenzene, phenothiasines: contact dermatitis T cells (sensitized); macrophages PMNsb Null (K) cellsa Mast cell Cells Involved None Release of lymphokines activates and attracts macrophages, which release mediators that induce inflammatory reactions Immune complex deposition in various tissues activates complement, which attracts PMNs causing local damage by release of inflammatory cytokines Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or complementmediated lysis IgG, IgM IgG, IgM Degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, proteolytic enzymes, chemotactic factors, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes Mechanism of Cell Injury IgE (and others) Antibody Source: From Norbury, K. and Thomas, P. (1990). With permission. Note: Defined by Coombs, . and Gell, . (1968). a Also, T cells, monocyte/macrophages, platelets, neutrophils, and eosinophils. b Polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Type I (anaphylactic) Hypersensitive Reaction Food additives: GI allergy Penicillin: urticaria and dermatitis Anhydrides: occupational asthma Agents: Clinical Manifestations Examples of the Four Types of Hypersensitivity Responses TABLE 119 148 The .