tailieunhanh - Ebook Dental management of the medically compromised patient (9/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “Dental management of the medically compromised patient” has contents: Rheumatologic disorders, organ transplantation, acquired bleeding and hypercoagulable disorders, congenital bleeding and hypercoagulable disorders, neurologic disorders, psychiatric disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, and other contents. | PA R T VII Immunologic Disease 308 18  AIDS, HIV Infection, and Related Conditions DEFINITION On June 5, 1981, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported five cases of Pneumocystis carinii (now jiroveci) pneumonia in young homosexual men in Los Angeles, few suspected that it heralded a pandemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1983, a retrovirus (later named the human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) was isolated from a patient with AIDS. Since that first report, more than 70 million persons have been infected with HIV, and more than 30 million have died of The total number of deaths has exceeded those caused by the Black Death of 14th-century Europe and the influenza pandemic of 1918 and 1919. About 95% of HIV-infected persons live in low- to middleincome regions and countries and in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 40% of new infections (excluding those in infants) occur in young people 15 to 24 years of AIDS is an infectious disease caused by HIV, which is transmitted predominantly through intimate sexual contact and by parenteral means. In view of the nature of this bloodborne pathogen, HIV infection and AIDS have important implications for dental practitioners. Although HIV has rarely been transmitted from patients to health care workers, this may occur, and patients with HIV infection or AIDS may be medically compromised and may need special dental management considerations. On the basis of current statistics, the average dental practice is predicted to encounter at least two patients infected with HIV per year. The definition of AIDS provided by the CDC has been revised several times over the years, and in 2008, it was revised to be laboratory-confirmed evidence of HIV infection in a person who has stage 3 HIV infection (., a CD4+ lymphocyte count 1 month in duration) Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes), onset at age >1 month Cytomegalovirus retinitis (with loss of .