tailieunhanh - Ebook Midwifery & women’s health nurse practitioner certification review guide: Part 2

Part 2 book “Midwifery & women’s health nurse practitioner certification review guide” has contents: Prenatal care and fetal assessment, intrapartum and postpartum, midwifery care of the newborn, professional issues, common health problems in primary care. | 7 Prenatal Care and Fetal Assessment Jamille Nagtalon-Ramos Human Reproduction and Fertilization • Process of gametogenesis 1. Definition—development of gametes; oogenesis or spermatogenesis 2. Essential concepts a. Oogenesis—developmental process by which the mature ­human ovum is formed; haploid number of chromosomes b. Spermatogenesis—formation of mature functional ­spermatozoa; haploid number of chromosomes c. Meiosis—a process of two successive cell divisions, ­producing cells, egg, or sperm, that contain half the number of ­chromosomes found in somatic cells d. Mitosis—type of cell division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell e. Haploid number of chromosomes 23—possessing half the ­diploid or normal number of chromosomes, that is, 46, as found in somatic or body cells • Process of fertilization 1. Definition—union of ovum and spermatozoan; usually occurs in fallopian tube within minutes or no more than a few hours of ovulation; most pregnancies occur when intercourse occurs within two days of ovulation 2. Stages of development a. Zygote—a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes that results from the fertilization of the ovum by a spermatozoan b. Blastomeres—mitotic division of the zygote (cleavage) yields daughter cells called blastomeres c. Morula—the solid ball of cells formed by 16 or so blastomeres; mulberry-like ball of cells that enters the uterine cavity three days after fertilization d. Blastocyst—after the morula reaches the uterus, a fluid accumulates between blastomeres, converting the morula to a blastocyst; inner cell mass at one pole to become embryo; outer cell mass will be trophoblast e. Embryo—stage in prenatal development between the fertilized ovum and the fetus (., between second and eighth weeks inclusive) f. Fetus—the developing conceptus after the embryonic stage g. Conceptus—all tissue products of conception: embryo (fetus), fetal membranes, and placenta • Physiology of