tailieunhanh - Ebook International business law - text, cases, and readings (6/E): Part 2

Part 2 book “Part 1 book “International business law - text, cases, and readings “ has contents: Trade in goods, services and labor, intellectual property, sales, transportation, financing, the negotiation and transfer of bills and notes, maritime insurance. | Chapter 7 Trade in Goods Chapter Outline A. History of Contemporary International Trade Law Protectionism The Bretton Woods System The 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Multilateral Trade Negotiations The Uruguay Round B. The World Trade Organization The WTO Agreement Membership of the WTO Structure of the WTO Decision Making within the WTO Waivers Dispute Settlement Trade Policy Review C. The 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Direct Effect Nondiscrimination Protection Only Through Tariffs Transparency Regional Integration Commodity Arrangements Escape Clause Exceptions Export Controls Other Multilateral Export-Control Programs D. Multilateral Trade Agreements Customs Valuation Preshipment Inspection Technical Barriers to Trade Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Trade-Related Investment Measures Import-Licensing Procedures Anti-dumping Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Safeguards Agriculture Chapter 7  •  Trade in Goods    359 Textiles and Clothing Rules of Origin Chapter Questions Relevant Internet Sites A. History of Contemporary International Trade Law International trade has grown dramatically in the past 60 years. In great measure, this is because the world’s nations have cooperated in eliminating protectionist domestic legislation and in promoting the free exchange of Indeed, one of the most remarkable trends in international law during the past six decades has been the steady movement away from tariffs and quotas and toward free trade among the nations of the world. Where once most nations maintained laws to promote and protect their own businesses and producers, since the 1940s there has been a continual shift toward multilateral efforts to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers. As is described below, the several GATT treaties, the EU, the WTO, and many other international agreements and organizations have resulted in a dramatic lowering of tariffs—each nation giving up a