tailieunhanh - Ebook Practical electronics for inventors: Part 2

Part 2 book “Practical electronics for inventors” has contents: Integrated circuits, operational amplifiers, filters, oscillators and timers, voltage regulators and power supplies, audio electronics, digital electronics, hands-on electronics, . and other contents. | CHAPTER 6 Integrated Circuits An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniaturized circuit that contains a number of resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors stuffed together on a single chip of silicon no bigger than your fingernail. The number of resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors within an IC may vary from just a few to hundreds of thousands in number. The trick to cramming everything into such a small package is to make all the components out of tiny n-type and p-type silicon structures that get imbedded into the silicon chip during the production phase. To connect the little transistors, resistors, capacitors, and diodes together, aluminum plating is applied along the surface of the chip. Here is a magnified cross-sectional view of an IC showing how the various components are imbedded and linked together. Attaching chip to metallic lead frame Aluminum plating Silicon dioxide P N Lead P N Silicon FIGURE Chip N P N Encapsulation in plastic or epoxy shell Final result (DIP) ICs come in either analog, digital, or analog/digital form. Analog (or linear) ICs produce, amplify, or respond to varying voltages. Digital (or logic) ICs respond to or produce signals having only high and low voltage states, whereas analog/digital ICs share properties common with both analog and digital ICs. Some common analog ICs include voltage regulators, operational amplifiers, 213 Copyright 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. 214 PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS FOR INVENTORS comparators, timers, and oscillators. Common digital ICs include logic gates (., AND, OR, NOR, etc.), flip-flops, memories, processors, binary counters, shift registers, multiplexers, encoders and decoders, etc. Analog/digital ICs may take on a number of different forms. For example, such an IC may be designed primarily as an analog timer but may contain a digital counter. Alternatively, the IC may be designed to read in digital information and then use this .

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