tailieunhanh - Ebook Rapid review physiology (2th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Rapid review physiology" presents the following contents: Respiratory physiology, renal physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, acid base balance, sodium and water balance, fluid compartments. | Chapter 5 Respiratory Physiology O2 required to synthesize adenosine triphosphate ATP External respiration inhibited by hypoventilation and impaired gas exchange at pulmonary membrane Internal respiration inhibited by CO Cellular respiration inhibited by CO and CN by interfering with electron transport chain Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory airways. Space within conducting airways is termed anatomic dead space. Conducting airways resistance because arranged in series Bronchi contain supportive cartilage rings that prevent airway collapse during expiration. Bronchioles lack cartilage I. Overview A. Because it is essential for metabolism oxygen must be provided in relatively large amounts to most cells. B. Oxygen delivery has three stages 1. External respiration Gas exchange between the external environment alveolar air and the blood pulmonary capillaries Any process that impairs ventilation . asthma flare or gas exchange at the alveoli . interstitial lung disease may impair this process 2. Internal respiration Gas exchange between the blood systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid Example inhibited by carbon monoxide which shifts the oxygen binding curve to the left more on this later 3. Cellular respiration Gas exchange between the interstitial fluid and the inner mitochondrial membrane of cells Example inhibited by cyanide CN and carbon monoxide CO both of which inhibit cytochrome oxidase in the electron transport chain II. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System A. Overview 1. The respiratory system is composed of large conducting airways which conduct air to the smaller respiratory airways. 2. Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory airways. 3. Because conducting airways do not directly participate in gas exchange the space within them is termed anatomic dead space. B. Conducting airways 1. These include the nose mouth pharynx larynx trachea bronchi and conducting bronchioles. 2. Despite their larger size airway resistance is greater than