tailieunhanh - Ebook Endocrine and reproductive physiology (4th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "Endocrine and reproductive physiology" presents the following contents: The adrenal gland, life cycle of the male and female reproductive systems, the female reproductive system, the female reproductive system, fertilization, pregnancy, and lactation | 7 THE ADRENAL GLAND OBJECTIVES 1. Discuss the anatomy of the adrenal gland including the vascular supply and cortical zonation. 2. Discuss the synthesis and regulated release of catecholamines in the chromaffin cell. 3. Explain the action of catecholamines on different adrenergic receptors and the integrated effects of catecholamines during exercise. 4. Outline the differences between the steroidogenic pathways in each zone of the adrenal cortex. I n the adult the adrenal glands emerge as fairly complex endocrine structures Box 7-1 that produce two structurally distinct classes of hormones steroids and catecholamines. The catecholamine hormone epinephrine acts as a rapid responder to stresses such as hypoglycemia and exercise to regulate multiple parameters of physiology including energy metabolism and cardiac output. Stress is also a major secretogogue of the longer-acting steroid hormone cortisol which regulates glucose use immune and inflammatory homeostasis and numerous other processes. The adrenal glands also regulate salt and volume homeostasis through the steroid hormone aldosterone. The adrenal gland secretes a large amount of the androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS which plays a major role in fetoplacental estrogen synthesis and as a substrate for peripheral androgen synthesis in women. 5. Describe the physiologic actions of cortisol aldosterone DHEAS and other adrenal androgens. 6. Describe the regulation of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis by the pituitary. 7. Describe the regulation of the zona glomerulosa by the renin-angiotensin II system. 8. Describe the pathophysiology of adrenal hormone excess and underproduction. ANATOMY The adrenal glands are bilateral structures located immediately superior to the kidneys ad towards renal kidney Fig. 7-1A . In humans they are also referred BOX 7-1 OVERVIEW The adrenal gland is a hybrid gland consisting of a cortex and a medulla. The hormones of the adrenal gland are important .