tailieunhanh - Figure Drawing Without A Model - Structure and Proportion

Tài liệu tham khảo bằng tiếng Anh về nghệ thiật hội họa - Figure Drawing Without A Model - Structure and Proportion | CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURE AND PROPORTION This chapter deals with those aspects of human anatomy with which you will need to be familiar. You do not need to have a surgeon s knowledge of each individual muscle and internal organ but you will have to know everything that affects the shape of the body and its surface form. This includes the skeletal structure the principal muscle groups which hold it erect and activate it and the distribution of fat deposits under the skin. Should you wish to study the subject further there are many good anatomy books available that will give you a greater insight into this absorbing subject. But all the artists I know have found that a small fund of basic anatomical knowledge is quite adequate for their drawing needs so here we shall look only at the essentials of the body s structure and the simple mechanics of its operation. It should be stressed that a good figure drawing has little in common with an anatomical diagram. However if you don t know the basic machinery your drawings will be unconvincing. 29 FIGURE DRAWING WITHOUT A MODEL FEMALE SKELETON REAR VIEW Bones The normal human skeleton consists of 206 bones providing a mobile supporting framework for the body and a protective carapace for the vital organs. There are also the sesamoid bones which are formed in tendons and do not directly connect with the others. These are not counted in the total of 206 and are not germane to our discussion here. The bones are bound to one another by tough flexible ligaments. At the joints each articulating bone surface is covered by a thin layer of cartilage which bears the brunt of the wear and tear and needs constantly to be replaced. The whole joint is enclosed by a capsule of connective tissue which secretes sinovial fluid to provide lubricant. Central to the human skeletal system is the spine a flexible column of 33 vertebrae supporting the skull pectoral girdle or shoulder framework rib-cage and pelvis. The arms are connected to the shoulder