tailieunhanh - Real Analysis with Economic Applications - Chapter F

Chapter F Linear Spaces The main goal of this chapter is to provide a foundation for our subsequent introduction to linear functional analysis. The latter is a vast subject, and there are many different ways in which one can provide a first pass at it. We mostly adopt a geometric viewpoint in this book. | Chapter F Linear Spaces The main goal of this chapter is to provide a foundation for our subsequent introduction to linear functional analysis. The latter is a vast subject and there are many different ways in which one can provide a first pass at it. We mostly adopt a geometric viewpoint in this book. Indeed we will later spend quite a bit of time covering the rudiments of infinite dimensional convex analysis. The present chapter introduces the elementary theory of linear spaces with this objective in mind. After going through a number of basic definitions and examples where infinite dimensional spaces are given a bit more emphasis than usual we review the notions of basis and dimension and talk about linear operators and Keeping an eye on the convex analysis to come we also discuss here the notion of affinity at some length. In addition we conclude an unfinished business by proving Caratheodory s Theorem characterize the finite dimensional linear spaces and explore the connection between hyperplanes and linear functionals in some detail. On the whole our exposition is fairly elementary the only minor exception being the proof of the fact that every linear space has a basis this proof is based on the Axiom of Choice. As economic applications we prove some basic results of expected utility theory in the context of finite prize spaces and introduce the elements of cooperative game theory. These applications illustrate well what a little linear algebra can do for you. 1 Linear Spaces Recall that Rn is naturally endowed with three basic mathematical structures an order structure a metric structure and a linear structure. In the previous chapters we have studied the generalizations of the first two of these structures which led to the formulation of posets and metric spaces respectively. In this chapter we will study how such a generalization can be carried out in the case of the linear structure of Rn which among other things allows us to add any two .

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