tailieunhanh - Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 12: The central nervous system (part a)
Chapter 12 - The central nervous system (part a), the topics discussed in this chapter are: Central Nervous System (CNS), embryonic development, effect of space restriction on brain development, regions and organization of the CNS, ventricles of the brain,.and other contents. | 12 The Central Nervous System: Part A Central Nervous System (CNS) CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord Cephalization Evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS Increased number of neurons in the head Highest level is reached in the human brain Embryonic Development Neural plate forms from ectoderm Neural plate invaginates to form a neural groove and neural folds Figure , step 1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. 1 Head Tail Surface ectoderm Neural plate Figure , step 2 The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove, flanked by neural folds. 2 Neural folds Neural groove Embryonic Development Neural groove fuses dorsally to form the neural tube Neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord Figure , step 3 Neural fold cells migrate to form the neural crest, which will form much of the PNS and many other structures. 3 Neural crest Figure , step 4 The neural groove becomes the neural tube, which will form CNS structures. 4 Surface ectoderm Head Tail Neural tube Embryonic Development Anterior end of the neural tube gives rise to three primary brain vesicles Prosencephalon—forebrain Mesencephalon—midbrain Rhombencephalon—hindbrain (a) Neural tube (b) Primary brain vesicles Anterior (rostral) Posterior (caudal) Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Prosencephalon (forebrain) Figure Embryonic Development Primary vesicles give rise to five secondary brain vesicles Telencephalon and diencephalon arise from the forebrain Mesencephalon remains undivided Metencephalon and myelencephalon arise from the hindbrain Embryonic Development Telencephalon cerebrum (two hemispheres with cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei) Diencephalon thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and retina Embryonic Development Mesencephalon brain stem (midbrain) Metencephalon brain stem (pons) and cerebellum Myelencephalon brain stem (medulla oblongata) Central canal of the neural tube enlarges to . | 12 The Central Nervous System: Part A Central Nervous System (CNS) CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord Cephalization Evolutionary development of the rostral (anterior) portion of the CNS Increased number of neurons in the head Highest level is reached in the human brain Embryonic Development Neural plate forms from ectoderm Neural plate invaginates to form a neural groove and neural folds Figure , step 1 The neural plate forms from surface ectoderm. 1 Head Tail Surface ectoderm Neural plate Figure , step 2 The neural plate invaginates, forming the neural groove, flanked by neural folds. 2 Neural folds Neural groove Embryonic Development Neural groove fuses dorsally to form the neural tube Neural tube gives rise to the brain and spinal cord Figure , step 3 Neural fold cells migrate to form the neural crest, which will form much of the PNS and many other structures. 3 Neural crest Figure , step 4 The neural groove becomes the neural tube, which will form CNS .
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