tailieunhanh - Lecture Biology - Chapter 3: The chemistry of organic molecules

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes: List the features of carbon that result in the diversity of organic molecules, tell how macromolecules are assembled and disassembled, name the most common 5 and 6-carbon sugars and give a function for each, compare the structures of starch, glycogen, and cellulose and give a function for each,. | The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may be bonded to functional groups with specific properties. Biological Molecules Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula. -structural isomers -stereoisomers Chiral molecules are mirror-images of each other. Biological Molecules Biological Molecules Biological molecules are typically large molecules constructed from smaller subunits. Monomer: single subunit (mono = 1; -mer = unit) Polymer: many units (poly = many) Biological Molecules dehydration synthesis: formation of large molecules by the removal of water -monomers are joined to form polymers hydrolysis: breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water -polymers are broken down to monomers Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -empirical formula: (CH2O)n -examples: sugars, starch, glucose C – H covalent bonds hold much energy Carbohydrates are good energy storage molecules. Carbohydrates Glucose, Fructose, Galactose -a monosaccharide – single sugar -contains 6 carbons -very important in energy storage -fructose is a structural isomer of glucose -galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Disaccharides -2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis -used for sugar transport or energy storage examples: sucrose = (glucose + fructose) lactose = (glucose + galactose) maltose = (glucose + glucose) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Polysaccharides -long chains of sugars -used for energy storage -plants use starch; animals use glycogen -used for structural support -plants use cellulose; animals use chitin Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Two types: DNA and RNA Functions: specialized for the . | The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Chapter 3 Biological Molecules Biological molecules consist primarily of -carbon bonded to carbon, or -carbon bonded to other molecules. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds. Carbon may be bonded to functional groups with specific properties. Biological Molecules Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula. -structural isomers -stereoisomers Chiral molecules are mirror-images of each other. Biological Molecules Biological Molecules Biological molecules are typically large molecules constructed from smaller subunits. Monomer: single subunit (mono = 1; -mer = unit) Polymer: many units (poly = many) Biological Molecules dehydration synthesis: formation of large molecules by the removal of water -monomers are joined to form polymers hydrolysis: breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water -polymers are broken down to monomers Biological Molecules Carbohydrates Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, .