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Bhushan, B. “Micro/Nanotribology and Micro/Nanomechanics of Magnetic.” Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology. Ed. Bharat Bhushan Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Micro/Nanotribology and Micro/Nanomechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices Bharat Bhushan 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Experimental Experimental Apparatus and Measurement Techniques • Test Specimens 14 14.3 Surface Roughness 14.4 Friction and Adhesion Nanoscale Friction • Microscale Friction and Adhesion 14.5 Scratching and Wear Nanoscale Wear • Microscale Scratching • Microscale Wear 14.6 Indentation Picoscale Indentation • Nanoscale Indentation • Localized Surface Elasticity 14.7 Detection of Material Transfer 14.8 Lubrication Imaging of Lubricant Molecules • Measurement of Localized Lubricant Film Thickness • Boundary Lubrication Studies 14.9 Closure References 14.1 Introduction Micro/nanotribological studies are needed to develop. | Bhushan B. Micro Nanotribology and Micro Nanomechanics of Magnetic. Handbook of Micro Nanotribology. Ed. Bharat Bhushan Boca Raton CRC Press LLC 1999 1999 by CRC Press LLC 14 Micro Nanotribology and Micro Nanomechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices Bharat Bhushan 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Experimental Experimental Apparatus and Measurement Techniques Test Specimens 14.3 Surface Roughness 14.4 Friction and Adhesion Nanoscale Friction Microscale Friction and Adhesion 14.5 Scratching and Wear Nanoscale Wear Microscale Scratching Microscale Wear 14.6 Indentation Picoscale Indentation Nanoscale Indentation Localized Surface Elasticity 14.7 Detection of Material Transfer 14.8 Lubrication Imaging of Lubricant Molecules Measurement of Localized Lubricant Film Thickness Boundary Lubrication Studies 14.9 Closure References 14.1 Introduction Micro nanotribological studies are needed to develop fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale and to study interfacial phenomena in micro- and nanostructures used in magnetic storage systems microelectromechanical systems MEMS and other industrial applications Bhushan 1992 1993 1994 1995a b 1996a 1997 1998b . The components used in micro- and nanostructures are very light on the order of few micrograms and operate under very light loads on the order of few micrograms to a few milligrams . As a result friction and wear on a nanoscale of lightly loaded 1999 by CRC Press LLC micro nanocomponents are highly dependent on the surface interactions few atomic layers . These structures and magnetic storage devices are generally lubricated with molecularly thin films. Micro- and nanotribological techniques are ideal to study the friction and wear processes of micro- and nanostructures and molecularly thick lubricant films Bhushan et al. 1994a-e 1995a-g 1997a-c Koinkar and Bhushan 1996a b 1997a b 1998 Sundararajan and Bhushan 1998 . Although micro nanotribological studies are critical to study micro- and nanostructures these .