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Lecture Foundations of nursing: An integrated approach: Chapter 8 - Cliff Evans, Emma Tippins

In order to fully appreciate the function and purpose of the musculoskeletal system, it is important that the reader fully understands the components which constitute this large and initially complex subject. Consideration needs to be given to the soft connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system, which comprise tendons, cartilage, ligaments and fascia, in combination with muscles and the joints. Each of these areas and their functioning will be discussed to provide the reader with a succinct overview of form and function. | Chapter 8 The Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System The soft connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system comprises of: Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Fascia As well as muscles, bones and joints The Skeleton 206 Bones form the framework of the adult skeleton. AXIAL skeleton – comprises the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Consists of 80 bones The Skeleton APPENDICULAR skeleton Supports appendages Comprises of shoulder girdle- scapula, clavicle and upper limbs, and pelvic girdle,-the innominate bones and lower limbs Consists of 126 bones Functions of the skeleton Provides shape and support for body Provides framework for all structures Provides levers that are essential for movement Forms attachment points for muscles Provides protection for vital internal organs Red bone marrow within bones manufacture blood cells Stores minerals, calcium and phosphorus Types of Bone Bone is hardest connective tissue in the body Two main types: Compact – outer layer of bone Cancellous – Inner layer of bone Classification of Bones Types Long e.g. Humerous Short e.g. cuboid Flat e.g. Sternum Irregular e.g. Facial bones Sesamoid e.g. Patella Bone Growth The replacement of old bone with new bone is called remodelling. Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts are intrinsic to this process Remodelling Certain vitamins and minerals are essential for bone remodelling Any deficiency in these vitamins or minerals will have an effect on the healing process and the bone’s strength Hormones These contribute to normal bone tissue activity Predominant hormones are: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Calcitonin Human Growth Hormone Sex Hormones Insulin Glucocorticoids Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a condition of porus bones Occurs when resorption is quicker than bone deposition Mostly seen in female population due to the fall in oestrogen levels after the menopause Treatment is focused on prevention rather than cure. e.g. Adequate calcium intake and exercise earlier in life Osteoarthritis Can be . | Chapter 8 The Musculoskeletal System Musculoskeletal System The soft connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system comprises of: Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Fascia As well as muscles, bones and joints The Skeleton 206 Bones form the framework of the adult skeleton. AXIAL skeleton – comprises the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Consists of 80 bones The Skeleton APPENDICULAR skeleton Supports appendages Comprises of shoulder girdle- scapula, clavicle and upper limbs, and pelvic girdle,-the innominate bones and lower limbs Consists of 126 bones Functions of the skeleton Provides shape and support for body Provides framework for all structures Provides levers that are essential for movement Forms attachment points for muscles Provides protection for vital internal organs Red bone marrow within bones manufacture blood cells Stores minerals, calcium and phosphorus Types of Bone Bone is hardest connective tissue in the body Two main types: Compact – outer layer of bone .