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Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers: economic evidence for human estrus? ☆

The Congressional Budget Office consistently concludes that infrastructure and other state spending provide considerable boosts to the economy, while income tax changes for high- income households have minimal impact on short-term economic activity. Tax cuts for affluent households result in small increases in spending, and tax hikes result in only small decreases. Low- and middle-income households, on the other hand, have little savings, and reductions in their after-tax income result in equivalent reductions in spending. By minimizing spending cuts and drags on private spending, states can minimize the harm to their economies and to employment created by their actions | ELSEVIER Evolution and Human Behavior 28 2007 375 - 381 Evolution and Human Behavior Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap dancers economic evidence for human estrus Geoffrey Miller Joshua M. Tybur Brent D. Jordan Department of Psychology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Initial receipt 16 April 2007 final revision received 26 June 2007 Abstract To see whether estrus was really lost during human evolution as researchers often claim we examined ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by professional lap dancers working in gentlemen s clubs. Eighteen dancers recorded their menstrual periods work shifts and tip earnings for 60 days on a study web site. A mixed-model analysis of 296 work shifts representing about 5300 lap dances showed an interaction between cycle phase and hormonal contraception use. Normally cycling participants earned about US 335 per 5-h shift during estrus US 260 per shift during the luteal phase and US 185 per shift during menstruation. By contrast participants using contraceptive pills showed no estrous earnings peak. These results constitute the first direct economic evidence for the existence and importance of estrus in contemporary human females in a real-world work setting. These results have clear implications for human evolution sexuality and economics. 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords Estrus Female sexuality Behavioral economics Sexual service industries Hormonal contraception 1. Introduction Estrus is a phase of increased female sexual receptivity proceptivity selectivity and attractiveness. It is common across mammalian species Lange Hartel Meyer 2002 Lombardi 1998 including primates Dixson 1998 Nelson 2000 and seems functionally designed to obtain sires of superior genetic quality Gangestad Thornhill Garver-Apgar 2005 Thornhill 2006 . However the conventional wisdom holds that human female estrus became uniquely lost or hidden over evolutionary time e.g. Burt 1992 perhaps to promote male .