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A Decommodified Experience? Exploring Aesthetic, Economic and Ethical Values for Volunteer Ecotourism in Costa Rica

Our students were deeply moved, as we were, for example, by a bronze flutist from Benin, Nigeria; a Haida mask of western Canada; a Mayan god of Central America—as we saw how in the very purpose and structure of art, such opposites as sameness and difference, surface and depth, the intimate and the wide, hard and soft are made one. And these are the very same opposites we are trying to put together in ourselves. Through the opposites, we see our true kinship to peoples far away in place and time | A Decommodified Experience Exploring Aesthetic Economic and Ethical Values for Volunteer Ecotourism in Costa Rica Noella J. Gray and Lisa M. Campbell Nicholas School ofthe Environment and Earth Sciences Duke University Marine Lab Road Beaufort North Carolina USA Volunteer ecotourism has been described as an ideal form of decommodified ecotourism that overcomes problems associated with tourism in general and ecotourism specifically. Using a case study of volunteer ecotourism and sea turtle conservation in Costa Rica this paper interrogates this ideal. Perceptions of volunteer ecotourism were explored through in-depth interviews with 36 stakeholders including hosts NGO staff government employees local cabineros families who provide accommodation and guests volunteers . Results show that while all stakeholder groups share similarly positive views of volunteer ecotourism subtle but important differences exist. We analyse these differences in terms of aesthetic economic and ethical values and situate the results in existing theories about the moralisation and decommodification of ecotourism. doi 10.2167 jost725.0 Keywords Costa Rica decommodified ecotourism non-governmental organisation NGO sea turtle volunteer tourism Introduction This paper explores the aesthetic economic and ethical values associated with volunteer ecotourism and how volunteer tourism can be understood in terms of current thinking about moralising and decommodifying processes in ecotourism. Volunteer tourism is a type of alternative tourism in which tourists volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society the restoration of certain environments or research into aspects of society or environment Wearing 2001 1 . Volunteer tourism has experienced significant growth since the 1970s Ellis 2003 Wearing 2004 . The size of the volunteer tourism market and its growth rate are difficult to ascertain although the recent