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Spinal Reconstruction Clinical Examples of Applied Basic Science, Biomechanics and Engineering

Spinal fusion remains at the center of many reconstructive procedures of the spine. However, several new concepts have recently emerged, which led many spine surgeons to rethink traditional approaches to common clinical problems. Examples of these new trends include use of artificial disc replacements for reconstruction of degenerated spinal segments instead of interbody fusion devices, percutaneous pedicle screw fixation systems instead of open screw placement, and minimal invasive decompressions through small percutaneously placed tubes instead of open, wide laminectomy procedures through large incisions. Minimally invasive techniques are now aided by computerized navigation systems; substitute, and expander materials are increasingly employed as adjuncts to autologous bone grafts; and growth factors,. | Spinal Reconstruction EDITED BY and Engineering Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski Michael J. Yaszemski lain H. Kalfas Paul Park Robert F. McLain Debra J. Trantolo Spinal Reconstruction Clinical Examples of Applied Basic Science Biomechanics and Engineering edited by Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski University of Arizona and Center for Advanced Spinal Surgery Tucson Arizona U.S.A. Michael J. Yaszemski Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester Minnesota U.S.A. Iain H. Kalfas Cleveland Clinic Foundation Spine Institute Cleveland Ohio U.S.A. Paul Park University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A. Robert F. McLain Cleveland Clinic Foundation Spine Institute Cleveland Ohio U.S.A. Debra J. Trantolo A.G.E. LLC Princeton Massachusetts U.S.A. informa healthcare New York London Informa Healthcare USA Inc. 270 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016 2007 by Informa Healthcare USA Inc. Informa Healthcare is an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10 0-8493-9815-0 Hardcover International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-8493-9815-5 Hardcover This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of a ll materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted reproduced transmitted or utilized in any form by any electronic mechanical or other means now known or hereafter invented including photocopying microfilming and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work please access www.copyright.com http .