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PROTOCOL TO THE 1979 CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION TO ABATE ACIDIFICATION, EUTROPHICATION AND GROUND-LEVEL OZONE

Technical approaches seek to reduce the emissions produced by road vehicles using the transport system by intervening with the vehicles being used and the fuels they are burning. By definition, these approaches address per unit emissions rather than the amount of activity causing the emissions. An exclusively technological approach may be insufficient to address the growth in emissions, for a number of reasons. First, growt h in activity continuously puts pressure on technology gains. Secondly, technological improvements can exacerbate the growth in activity through the much-debated “rebound” effect. Thirdly, an exclusively technological approach to addressing the problem. | PROTOCOL TO THE 1979 CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION TO ABATE ACIDIFICATION EUTROPHICATION AND GROUND-LEVEL OZONE The Parties Determined to implement the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Aware that nitrogen oxides sulphur volatile organic compounds and reduced nitrogen compounds have been associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment Concerned that critical loads of acidification critical loads of nutrient nitrogen and critical levels of ozone for human health and vegetation are still exceeded in many areas of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe s region Concerned also that emitted nitrogen oxides sulphur and volatile organic compounds as well as secondary pollutants such as ozone and the reaction products of ammonia are transported in the atmosphere over long distances and may have adverse transboundary effects Recognizing that emissions from Parties within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe s region contribute to air pollution on the hemispheric and global scales and recognizing the potential for transport between continents and the need for further study with regard to that potential Recognizing also that Canada and the United States of America are bilaterally negotiating reductions of emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds to address the transboundary ozone effect Recognizing furthermore that Canada will undertake further reductions of emissions of sulphur by 2010 through the implementation of the Canada-wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000 and that the United States is committed to the implementation of a nitrogen oxides reduction programme in the eastern United States and to the reduction in emissions necessary to meet its national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter Resolved to apply a multi-effect multi-pollutant approach to preventing or minimizing the exceedances of critical loads and levels Taking into account the emissions .